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The path space \\({\\mathcal M}=M\\times I\\) associated to a family \\((M,g_t)_{t\\in I}\\) of Riemannian manifolds is considered. The first characterization says that \\((M,g_t)_{t\\in I}\\) evolves by the Ricci flow iff an infinite-dimensional gradient estimate holds for all functions on \\(\\mathcal M\\). More precisely, let \\(P_T{\\mathcal M}\\) be its path space, equipped with the Wiener measure and the parallel gradient. \\((M,g_t)_{t\\in I}\\) evolves by the Ricci flow iff the gradient estimate  \\[  \\left|\\nabla_x\\int_{P_T{\\mathcal M}}Fd\\Gamma_{(x,T)}\\right|\\leq \\int_{P_T{\\mathcal M}} |\\nabla_xF|d\\Gamma_{(x,T)} \\]  holds for all functions \\(F\\in L^2(P_T{\\mathcal M},\\Gamma_T)\\) (for a.e. \\((x,T)\\in {\\mathcal M}=M\\times I\\)). This estimate generalizes the Bakry-Emery-Ledoux estimates for manifolds with certain bounded curvature. They also give the characterizations in terms of \\(C^{1/2}\\)-regularity of martingales on the path space, as well as log-Sobolev inequality (such type of inequality was first discovered by \\textit{G. Perelman} [arXiv e-print service , Paper No. 0211159, 39 p. (2002; Zbl 1130.53001)]) and the spectral gap inequality.  Based on the above characterizations, a notion of weak solutions to the Ricci flow is defined. All the estimates obtained in the paper rely heavily on doing stochastic analysis on the path space. 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