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A set \\(U=\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_m\\}\\), \\(m\\leq n\\), is called a primitive set in \\(F_n\\) if it can be extended to a basis of \\(F_n\\).   In this paper the authors study primitive sets from three classical viewpoints.   1. A method of Whitehead -- A 3-manifold \\(M\\) which is homeomorphic to the connected sum of \\(n\\) copies \\(S^1\\times S^2\\) has its fundamental group isomorphic to \\(F_n\\). One defines (see for details the authors [J. Group Theory 13, No. 4, 601-611 (2010; Zbl 1206.20025)]) a certain set \\(\\Sigma=\\{S_1,S_2,\\dots,S_n\\}\\) of \\(n\\) disjoint 2-spheres in \\(M\\) to be the standard sphere basis for \\(M\\) which is in some sense dual to the standard basis for \\(F_n\\). A collection \\(\\tau=\\{T_1,T_2,\\dots,T_m\\}\\) of disjoint 2-spheres embedded in \\(M\\) is said to be a sphere basis if \\(m=n\\), and there is a diffeomorphism of \\(M\\) which sends \\(S_j\\) to \\(T_j\\). The collection \\(\\tau=\\{T_1,T_2,\\dots,T_m\\}\\) is said to be a primitive sphere set if \\(m\\leq n\\) and there is a diffeomorphism of \\(M\\) which maps \\(T_j\\) onto \\(S_j\\). This is equivalent to the existence of spheres \\(\\{T_{m+1},\\dots,T_n\\}\\) such that \\(\\{T_1,T_2,\\dots,T_m,T_{m+1},\\dots,T_n\\}\\) is a sphere basis.   Let \\(M\\), \\(\\Sigma\\) and \\(F_n\\) as above.   Theorem. Let \\(U=\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_m\\}\\), \\(m\\leq n\\), be a set of distinct reduced words in \\(F_n\\). Then \\(U\\) is a primitive set if and only if there exists closed paths \\(\\{\\alpha_1,\\alpha_2,\\dots,\\alpha_m\\}\\) in \\(M\\) and 2-spheres \\(\\{T_1,T_2,\\dots,T_m\\}\\) in \\(M\\) such that:   (1) the word obtained by the intersection of \\(\\alpha_j\\) with \\(\\Sigma\\) is precisely \\(u_j\\);   (2) \\(a_i\\cap T_i\\) is a singleton;   (3) \\(a_i\\cap T_j=\\emptyset\\) if \\(i\\neq j\\).   2. A method of Nielsen -- Here the authors, using Nielsen transformations, prove that the preimage of a primitive set contains a primitive set.   Theorem. Let \\(G\\) be a free group of rank \\(m\\) with basis \\(Y=\\{y_1,y_2,\\dots,y_m\\}\\) and suppose that \\(\\Phi\\) is a homomorphism from \\(F_n\\) to \\(G\\). If \\(\\{y_1,y_2,\\dots,y_p\\}\\) is in the image of \\(\\Phi\\) then there is a basis \\(\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_n\\}\\) for \\(F_n\\) and some \\(p'\\geq p\\) such that:   \\(\\Phi(u_i)=y_i\\) for \\(1\\leq i\\leq p\\);   \\(\\Phi\\) is injective on the subgroup generated by \\(\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_{p'}\\}\\); and   \\(\\Phi(u_i)=1\\) for \\(p'<i\\leq n\\).   This theorem slightly generalizes Proposition 2.12 in [\\textit{R. C. Lyndon} and \\textit{P. E. Schupp}, Combinatorial group theory. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete 89. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag (1977; Zbl 0368.20023)].   3. A method of Stallings -- In [Invent. Math. 71, 551-565 (1983; Zbl 0521.20013)] \\textit{J. R. Stallings} introduced the use of labeled directed graphs to describe subgroups of groups acting on trees. Here the authors use this technique to prove the following   Theorem. Let \\(U=\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_m\\}\\) be a set of \\(m\\) reduced words in \\(F_n\\) such that each \\(x_i\\) appears in at least one \\(u_j\\). Let \\(\\Gamma\\) be a reduced graph representing the subgroup generated by \\(U\\). Then \\(U\\) is a primitive set if and only if there is a sequence of pinches and folds which includes exactly \\(n-m\\) pinches that transforms \\(\\Gamma\\) into the elementary wedge \\(W\\).   In [Ann. Math. (2) 37, 782-800 (1936; Zbl 0015.24804)] \\textit{J. H. C. Whitehead} gave an algorithm which determined whether \\(U=\\{u_1,u_2,\\dots,u_m\\}\\) is a primitive set in \\(F_n\\). The last of the above theorems gives a simpler 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