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One has the folklore principle that constructions involving the space of free loops lead to vertex algebras. One class of such constructions is \\(\\Omega_X^{ch}\\), the chiral de Rham complex of an algebraic variety. Heuristically, this complex should be interpreted in terms of \\(LX\\), the space of free loops and its subvariety \\(L^0X\\) consisting of loops extending holomorphically into the unit disk. That is \\(\\Omega_X^{ch}\\) can be thought of as the semi-infinite de Rham complex with coefficients in the space of distributions on \\(LX\\) supported on \\(L^0X\\). Mathematically the definition of \\(\\Omega_X^{ch}\\) is of a more computational nature and proceeds by constructing the action of the group of diffeomorphisms on the irreducible module over the Heisenberg algebra.   The article has two main goals: First, to give a precise mathematical theorem underlying the above folklore principle about vertex algebras. An algebro-geometric version of the free loop space \\(\\mathcal {L} (X)\\) for any scheme \\(X\\) of finite type over a field is introduced. This is an ind-scheme containing \\(\\mathcal L^0 (X),\\) the scheme of formal germs of curves on \\(X\\). The authors prove that both \\(\\mathcal L (X)\\) and \\(\\mathcal L^0 (X)\\) themselves possess a nonlinear version of the vertex algebra structure (which makes it clear that any natural linear construction applied to them should give a vertex algebra in the usual sense). The authors proves that natural global versions of \\(\\mathcal L\\text (X)\\) and \\(\\mathcal L^0\\text (X)\\) have natural structures of factorization monoids.   To give a good definition of the algebraic analog of the full loop space \\(LX\\) there is a problem: The functor which to any commutative ring \\(R\\) associates the set of \\(R((t))\\)-points of \\(X\\) is representable by \\(\\tilde{\\mathcal L}(X)\\) when \\(X\\) is affine, but this functor do not glue well together in the general case: When \\(X\\) is e.g. projective, there is no difference between \\(R[[t]]\\)-points and \\(R((t))\\)-points. To overcome this subtlety, the authors consider formal loops which are ''infinitesimal in the Laurent direction''. Then they glue well together.   The second goal of the authors, is to give a direct geometric construction of \\(\\Omega_X^{ch}\\) for smooth \\(X\\) in terms of their model for the loop space. This construction explains the fact that \\(\\Omega_X^{ch}\\) is a sheaf of vertex algebras.   As with the study of formal arcs and motivic integration, this considerations can be viewed as algebro-geometric analogs of the basic constructions of \\(p\\)-adic analysis.   The construction of the formal loop space in chapter 1 is written in a way that makes it possible to understand. The generalities on ind-schemes, the scheme of germs of arcs and the nil-Laurent series is explained such that they form the foundation for proving the first result: The proof of the existence of the formal loop space. It is also possible to understand the formal loop space as an ind-pro-object. In chapter 2, the localization of the global loop space in a smooth curve \\(C\\) is proved to have a ``functorial'' structure of factorization monoid, gluing well together on the affine covering of a e.g. projective scheme \\(X\\). This result is highly nontrivial, and hard to prove. Some easy examples illustrates the result in a nice way.   To introduce the announced vertex algebras, the theory of \\(\\mathcal D\\)-modules on ind-pro-schemes are given. The properties of these sheaves are proved to behave well, leading to the de Rham complexes on ind-pro-schemes.   The final chapter concentrate on identification on the chiral de Rham complex \\(\\mathcal CDR_{ X}\\). It is proved that ``localized'' to a (point on a) smooth curve \\(C\\) this complex has the structure of a factorization algebra. 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