{"entities":{"Q1769731":{"pageid":1780473,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1769731","lastrevid":48450970,"modified":"2026-01-04T20:41:24Z","type":"item","id":"Q1769731","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Vitali coverings and Lebesgue's differentiation theorem"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2151961"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$14589ACF-5569-43C7-99D0-904AE7B5E18D","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"e1be0b0804a5f06fa3a7ca5a25560e92590a62f1","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Vitali coverings and Lebesgue's differentiation theorem","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$6B4DDB9F-3465-4E45-B8C8-32180D736C7B","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"d64d395288e9e98510a9ad1855dceb05b1aad0ba","datavalue":{"value":"1080.28003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$A8DA0735-E3F9-4FB3-A05B-BC55D912EB60","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c92b7fc940ff54d81550b98c027dd8e0f6116a4f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178099,"id":"Q178099"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$EF6541C8-C7BE-4817-BA48-5B007ADBF0AF","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"cc44a233e5e8bd544c3e30852775af330b8fff3a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178039,"id":"Q178039"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$2F361DC3-B8A1-41AD-858D-B49B6CCD0C0E","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"66197cc87631c188182cc95b49a671abfbdd5a2b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2005-04-04T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$DD1141F9-29F4-4FAC-8ED0-C4F8BDE5D92B","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"214e19cedda2bb617844090c5fed413bd64ba56f","datavalue":{"value":"A fresh perspective on Vitali covers leads to a new proof of Lebesgue's differentiation theorem and an answer to the question of which variational properties a function should have for it to be differentiable a.e. on a set \\(E\\). A covering relation is a family \\(\\beta\\) of pairs \\(([x,y],z])\\) with \\(x<y\\) and \\(z \\in [x,y]\\). Such a relation \\(\\beta\\) is a full cover of a set \\(E\\) of real numbers if for each \\(z \\in E\\), there is a \\(\\delta >0\\) such that \\(\\beta\\) includes all pairs \\(([x,y],z)\\) satisfying \\(0<y-x<\\delta\\) and \\(z \\in [x,y]\\). The relation \\(\\beta\\) is a fine cover of \\(E\\) if for each \\(z \\in E\\) and each \\(\\delta >0\\), there is a pair \\(([x,y],z)\\) in \\(\\beta\\) such that \\(0<y-x<\\delta\\) and \\(z \\in [x,y]\\). The length \\(\\ell (\\beta)\\) of a covering relation \\(\\beta\\) is the supremum of the lengths of all finite nonoverlapping families contained in \\(\\beta\\). The function \\({\\mathcal L}(E) = \\inf\\{ \\ell (\\beta):\\beta \\) is a full cover of \\( E \\}\\) is a metric outer measure on the real line, and the same is true of the function \\({\\mathcal L}_*\\) defined using fine covers. Let \\(\\lambda\\) be Lebesgue outer measure. Then the Vitali covering theorem takes the intriguing form \\(\\lambda = {\\mathcal L} = {\\mathcal L}_*\\).  The variation of a function \\(f\\) relative to a covering relation \\(\\beta\\), written \\(v(f,\\beta)\\), can be defined in like fashion using finite nonoverlapping families, leading to a total variation \\(V^f(E) = \\inf \\{v(f,\\beta): \\beta \\) is a full cover of \\( E\\} \\). The variation \\(V_*^f\\) is defined similarly using fine covers. Both \\(V^f\\) and \\(V_*^f\\) are metric outer measures. The function \\(f\\) is said to have the Vitali property on a Borel set \\(E\\) if \\(V^f = V_*^f\\) on every Borel subset of \\(E\\). Several growth lemmas regarding the four outer measures above lead to the theorems:   (A) If \\(f\\) has a finite derivative at every point of a Borel set \\(E\\), then \\(f\\) has the Vitali property on \\(E\\) and \\(V^f(E) = V_*^f(E) = \\int_E| f'| \\).   (B) If \\(f\\) has the Vitali property on a Borel set \\(E\\), then \\(f\\) has a finite derivative \\({\\mathcal L}\\)-a.e. on \\(E\\).   As a consequence, the differentiation structure of a continuous nondecreasing function \\(f\\) can summarized by the properties that \\(f\\) is differentiable a.e. on \\([a,b]\\), \\(f\\) has a finite or infinite derivative a.e. with respect to \\(V^f\\) (Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure in this case), and, denoting the sets where \\(f\\) has a finite derivative and where it has an infinite derivative by \\(D\\) and \\(D_{\\infty}\\), respectively, \\(V_*^f(E) = V^f(E) = \\int_{E\\cap D} f' + V^f(E\\cap D_{\\infty})\\). The Vitali property for a continuous function \\(f\\) on a Borel set \\(E\\) is characterized by the necessary and sufficient condition that \\(V^f\\) be \\(\\sigma\\)-finite on \\(E\\). Conditions under which this occurs are also given in the paper.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$4DB7D587-D167-4938-BEB1-849A33E922C9","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"adf261b62662840e0afd01ce6284baac80e0cc86","datavalue":{"value":"28A15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$527BE0E0-3A4B-414D-BA10-8F3B22D87C16","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f981671a17345f776356e4f11bb5fbda0cc4d7e2","datavalue":{"value":"26A45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$4E2E3E29-462F-4FD5-860E-FC97BF4E5C54","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4e11be76db0504a20556545d615708c6152734ed","datavalue":{"value":"26A24","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$3AC87B8F-C34F-40F1-A811-B214632A1986","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"90cb1501b2c52a5cb63a8d5c6497f2ce42d77928","datavalue":{"value":"2151961","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$FF503D29-6B39-4DD1-B499-1C131E3BAF92","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6f177ded1495f0b86b90d4f8db9e29389f800a6b","datavalue":{"value":"Lebesgue differentiation theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$2A8E4361-F266-493A-9D6C-9F8C3ACC2B41","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"be7dde8ebf11502679856716ff462b1535bb1630","datavalue":{"value":"Vitali covering theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$EDFF7523-75E5-43D9-873B-E6DF9AC45913","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6db34bb6ade16d16a8877aca5eb5c80b96e3f3e3","datavalue":{"value":"variational measure","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$9860A2D3-70CF-49DA-8106-583E658E0F6F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"203bb5865d2993f71f07a5cd622664935f413f34","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1075453,"id":"Q1075453"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$094883CD-D0D9-45D3-B318-B868CAE3517F","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$E128EC73-AECD-4B5F-962A-BE57F9F9DDC3","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"e4d836928add465f0cffc089b717f7eee038d815","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.14321/realanalexch.29.2.0957","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$BAEDF733-B3FE-47F3-ABE7-C74D14FF4685","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"c9dfbfcafae7af49baadceb11a27e43eaf2fb79b","datavalue":{"value":"W1881681847","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$4D99E570-A650-400C-9457-116D286C336C","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"1457862e355a7b8d7cbcb8775cdc4511e600f482","datavalue":{"value":"10.14321/REALANALEXCH.29.2.0957","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1769731$F5D1C309-2BC1-4C72-BF1E-AC7B0CF2AEFA","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8aab2073fcefb162780d97df3c36620eb4634405","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5844865,"id":"Q5844865"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"07bfc6213c5a5b8b6d7518643e9b905b9ca82496","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8485297560691833","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1769731$283FCBD3-365D-4340-9B98-3DD9D8CE7570","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f5eb4495b15a785834d1472418743e9fb1481b98","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3361055,"id":"Q3361055"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8f1b1ad624b8b74e798ee38224f49196bbf0e5c3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8470724821090698","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1769731$A5C91CFA-496B-4CC2-9698-5798B42AB95B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8450c0c9e8234e12b84fbb468bb636e8b689ab97","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5841942,"id":"Q5841942"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9f64c9fec8eb6e0dd040886da50358700ab0a5d6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8116098046302795","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1769731$094DD67E-00E5-4148-A470-2D82A2511B57","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ffd759ed3a30aeeadc0e85bc9091f903054180a3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1269686,"id":"Q1269686"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c5f05e452ed54b0c531c30bfb1ae7076aae25e0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8065080046653748","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1769731$7BEAF483-A883-4DEB-B0DC-7010B32CAB3E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"acf517a2bbae89f8ab71754914c13aac1fe0b8e1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1308837,"id":"Q1308837"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bd379e67eaa62323bba1d726878f308ede81ebcc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7985038161277771","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1769731$5DF6FC28-B19E-40A7-ABF9-265E535F9358","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1769731","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1769731"}}}}}