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Suppose \\(K\\) is a field and \\(R\\) is a finitely generated commutative \\(K\\)-algebra, multi-graded over \\({\\mathbb N}^r\\), where \\({\\mathbb N}\\) denotes the non-negative integers and \\(r\\) is a positive integer, with \\(\\dim_K(R_{(0,0,\\ldots,0)})<\\infty\\). If \\(M\\) is a finitely generated \\({\\mathbb Z}^r\\)-graded \\(R\\)-module then the Hilbert series of \\(M\\) is  \\[ H(M,t):=\\sum_{d\\in{\\mathbb Z}^r}\\dim_K(M_d)t^d \\]  where \\(t=(t_1,t_2,\\ldots,t_r)\\), \\(d=(d_1,d_2,\\ldots,d_r)\\) and \\(t^d=t_1^{d_1}t_2^{d_2}\\cdots t_r^{d_r}\\). The \\textit{universal denominator} of \\(H(M,t)\\), denoted by \\(\\text{udenom}(M,t)\\), is the smallest polynomial \\(B(t)\\) such that \\(B(0,\\ldots,0)=1\\) and \\(B(t)H(N,t)\\) is a Laurent polynomial for all multi-graded submodules \\(N\\subseteq M\\). By Theorem 1.10 (b), \\(\\text{udenom}(M,t)\\) is the greatest common divisor of  \\[ \\left\\{\\prod_{f\\in {\\mathcal G}}\\left(1-t^{\\deg}(f)\\right)\\right\\} \\]  as \\({\\mathcal G}\\) runs over finite sets of homogeneous elements of \\(R\\) such that \\(M\\) is finitely generated over \\(K[{\\mathcal G}]\\). Theorem 1.10 (a) gives a formula for computing \\(\\text{udenom}(M,t)\\) in terms of cyclotomic polynomials and the dimensions of certain quotient modules of \\(M\\).   Sections 3 through 6 deal with universal denominators in invariant theory. Suppose that \\(S\\) is multi-graded over \\({\\mathbb N}^r\\) with \\(S_{(0,\\ldots,0)}=K\\) and \\(G\\) is a reductive linear algebraic group acting regularly on \\(S\\) such that the action respects the multi-grading. Denote the resulting ring of invariants by \\(S^G\\). By Theorem~3.4, if \\(G\\) is connected and linearly reductive and \\(H\\) is a linearly reductive subgroup containing a maximal torus of \\(G\\), then \\(\\text{udenom}(S^G,t)\\) divides \\(\\text{udenom}(S^H,t)\\). Theorem~3.6 relates the universal denominator of \\(S^G\\) to the universal denominators of modules of covariants. Section~4 deals with universal denominators and rings of invariants for finite groups. If \\(K\\) has characteristic zero, \\(G\\) acts linearly on the vector space \\(Y\\) and \\(S=K[Y]\\) is graded over \\({\\mathbb N}\\) with the elements of \\(Y\\) is degree \\(1\\), then the universal denominator of \\(S^G\\) is the least common multiple of \\(\\{\\det(\\text{id}-tg)\\mid g \\in Gt\\}\\) (Corollary~4.3); Remark~4.5 compares this result with Molien's formula.   Section~5 deals with universal denominators for rings of invariants of tori and Section~6 addresses universal denominators for binary forms, i.e., rings of invariants for symmetric power representations of \\(\\text{SL}_2(K)\\); the results are related to a conjecture of \\textit{J. Dixmier} [in: S\u00e9min. d'alg\u00e9bre P. Dubreil et M.-P. Malliavin, 36\u00e9me Ann\u00e9e, Proc., Paris 1983/84, Lect. Notes Math. 1146, 127--160 (1985; Zbl 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