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Let \\(K\\) be a number field with associated local field \\(K_{\\mathfrak p}\\) at the prime \\({\\mathfrak p}\\). Motivated by an explicit formula for certain Hilbert symbols one is led to consider a \\(\\mathbb{Z}_\\ell\\)-valued valuation map \\(\\widetilde {v}_{\\mathfrak p}\\) on \\(K_{\\mathfrak p}\\) defined via the \\(\\ell\\)-adic (Iwasawa) logarithm \\(\\text{Log}= \\text{Log}_{Iw}\\). This logarithmic valuation \\(\\widetilde {v}_{\\mathfrak p}\\) is actually proportional to the traditional valuation \\(v_{\\mathfrak p}\\) for \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) not dividing \\(\\ell\\). It is a \\(\\mathbb{Z}_\\ell\\)-epimorphism of the \\(\\ell\\)-adic compactification \\({\\mathcal K}^\\times_{\\mathfrak p}:= \\varprojlim K^\\times_{\\mathfrak p}/ K_{\\mathfrak p}^{\\times \\ell^n}\\) of \\(K^\\times_{\\mathfrak p}\\), with kernel given by the submodule \\({\\mathcal K}^*_{\\mathfrak p}\\) of the cyclotomic norms in \\({\\mathcal K}^\\times_{\\mathfrak p}\\). One also defines a logarithmic (absolute) ramification index \\(\\widetilde {e}_{\\mathfrak p}\\), the logarithmetic inertial degree \\(\\widetilde {f}_{\\mathfrak p}\\) of \\(K_{\\mathfrak p}\\) and the \\(\\ell\\)-adic degree \\(\\deg {\\mathfrak p}\\) of the ideal \\({\\mathfrak p}\\). Then, by definition, \\(\\widetilde {v}_{\\mathfrak p}=- \\text{Log}|\\;|_p/ \\deg {\\mathfrak p}\\), where \\(|\\;|_{\\mathfrak p}\\) is the usual absolute value on \\(K^\\times_{\\mathfrak p}\\). One defines the \\(\\ell\\)-group of logarithmic divisors \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell_K\\) of \\(K\\) as the free \\(\\mathbb{Z}_\\ell\\)-module on the finite places \\({\\mathfrak p}\\) of \\(K\\): \\({\\mathcal D}\\ell_K:= \\bigoplus_{{\\mathfrak p}\\text{ finite}} \\mathbb{Z}_\\ell {\\mathfrak p}\\). By linear extension of the \\(\\ell\\)-adic degree map one gets a degree map on \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell_K\\). One writes \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal D} \\ell}_K\\) for the degree zero submodule of \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell_K\\). Write \\({\\mathcal R}_K= \\mathbb{Z}_\\ell \\otimes_\\mathbb{Z} K^\\times\\); then the \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell_K\\)-valued map \\(\\widetilde{\\text{div}}_K: x\\mapsto \\sum_{{\\mathfrak p}\\text{ finite}} \\widetilde {v}_{akp} (x){\\mathfrak p}\\) maps \\({\\mathcal R}_K\\) onto a submodule \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal P} \\ell}_K\\) of \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal D} \\ell}_K\\). The \\(\\ell\\)-group of logarithmic classes of \\(K\\) is defined as the quotient \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_K:= \\widetilde {{\\mathcal D} \\ell}_K/ \\widetilde {{\\mathcal P} \\ell}_K\\). By class field theory it may be identified with the Galois group \\(\\text{Gal} (K^{lc}/ K^c)\\), where \\(K^c\\) is the cyclotomic \\(\\mathbb{Z}_\\ell\\)-extension of \\(K\\), and \\(K^{lc}\\) is the maximal abelian locally cyclotomic pro-\\(\\ell\\)- extension of \\(K\\). \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_K\\) is conjectured to be finite (generalized Gross conjecture). Let \\(\\delta_K\\) be the dimension of the free \\(\\mathbb{Z}_\\ell\\)-quotient \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_K/ \\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_K^{\\text{tor}}\\). For an extension \\(L/K\\) of number fields one has several compatibilities for the \\({\\mathcal R}\\)'s and \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell\\)'s, and for a Galois extension \\(L/K\\) one can describe the action of \\(\\text{Gal} (L/K)\\) on \\({\\mathcal D} \\ell_L\\), etc.    Next, define, for a set \\(S\\) of non-archimedean primes of \\(K\\) the \\(\\ell\\)- group of logarithmic \\(S\\)-units \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K^S\\) by \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}^S_K:= \\{\\varepsilon\\in {\\mathcal R}_K\\mid \\widetilde {v}_{\\mathfrak p} (\\varepsilon) =0\\), \\(\\forall {\\mathfrak p}\\not\\in S\\}\\). For \\(S= \\emptyset\\) one writes \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K\\) for \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K^\\emptyset\\), the \\(\\ell\\)-group of logarithmic units of \\(K\\). These coincide with the cyclotomic norms. Write \\(r_K\\) (resp. \\(c_K\\)) for the number of real (resp. complex) places of \\(K\\). Then \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K \\simeq \\mu_K \\times \\mathbb{Z}_\\ell^{r_K+ c_K+ \\delta K}\\), and assuming the validity of the generalized Gross conjecture, for \\(s_K= \\# (S)< \\infty\\), one has \\(\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K^S \\simeq {\\mathcal E}_K^S \\simeq \\mu_K \\times \\mathbb{Z}_\\ell^{r_K+ c_K+ s_K -1}\\), where \\({\\mathcal E}^S_K\\) is the \\(\\ell\\)-group of ordinary \\(S\\)-units of \\(K\\). Without difficulty one obtains a logarithmic analogue of Herbrand's representation theorem on characters.    One can also develop a logarithmic analogue of Chevalley's formula for his `classes ambiges'. It gives an exact sequence for \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}^G_L\\), where \\(G= \\text{Gal} (L/K)\\) for the Galois extension \\(L/K\\), in particular, for \\(L/K\\) a primitively ramified cyclic \\(\\ell\\)-extension and assuming the truth of the Gross conjecture, one gets an explicit formula for \\(\\#(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}^G_L)\\) as the product of \\(\\#(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_K)\\), the local degrees of \\(L/K\\) at infinity and the logarithmic ramification indices at the finite places of \\(L/K\\), divided by the product of \\([L^c: K^c]\\) and \\((\\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K: \\widetilde {\\mathcal E}_K \\cap {\\mathcal N}_{L/K})\\). A similar result can be derived for the number of \\(G\\)- invariant logarithmic \\(S\\)-classes.    One defines the \\(\\ell\\)-group of logarithmic genera of the finite extension \\(L/K\\) as the Galois group \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal G} \\ell}_{L/K}= \\text{Gal} (L^{lc}\\cap LK^{ab}/ L^c)\\). One gets the remarkable result for \\(\\# (\\widetilde {{\\mathcal G} \\ell}_{L/K})\\): a formula analogous to the one for \\(\\#(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C}\\ell}^G_L)\\) mentioned above, but holding for any finite extension \\(L/K\\) of number fields and without assuming the Gross conjecture. For an abelian \\(\\ell\\)-extension \\(L/K\\) the formula for \\(\\#(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal G} \\ell}_{L/K})\\) is the same as the one for \\(\\#(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}^G_L)\\) with \\({\\mathcal N}_{L/K}\\) replaced by \\({\\mathcal N}_{L/K}^{\\text{loc}}\\). Finally, one may define the \\(\\ell\\)-group of central logarithmic classes of the (Galois) \\(\\ell\\)-extension \\(L/K\\) of number fields as the biggest quotient \\({}^G\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_L= \\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_L/ \\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_L^{I_G}\\) of \\(\\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} \\ell}_L\\) with trivial \\(G\\)-action. Again, one may derive a formula for \\(\\#({}^G \\widetilde {{\\mathcal C} 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