{"entities":{"Q1805751":{"pageid":1816493,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1805751","lastrevid":71310435,"modified":"2026-04-13T21:22:37Z","type":"item","id":"Q1805751","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A Palm calculus approach to functional versions of Little's law"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1364464"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$FBC0B09F-97F5-42C5-A8F8-AC1704CD6C23","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"fc6e346459f716b1588c08a8f2ade5d1db1eed34","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A Palm calculus approach to functional versions of Little's law","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$8B55AD13-E63F-40DC-9F9E-A3DFC60740C9","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"fa05ec4544eb4a0f30f3f5c3dec6c9d1dd20deb4","datavalue":{"value":"0934.60081","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$C393320D-C583-4992-A481-0786A1581F98","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"371fd9b8a9a35e1b1932914a06d0d577fbd57ecb","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/S0304-4149(97)00116-6","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$49948838-41E0-4D96-9208-CA95A1743F38","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a107361c0b5a34cb9feabae6503638aceff03583","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":679025,"id":"Q679025"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$526C917F-E70A-4DD3-A9B8-83ADCBB8A699","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"0a7f38bff7197b9d5228d1d2cd340d5028d13b61","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":61365,"id":"Q61365"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$DE1E2842-0099-4625-A7BA-6EB32995B5BB","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5578d5e02d70e284823bfd6d9bab20440bbacf71","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1999-11-18T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$5DDA9853-7052-46DA-9C04-53DA9F411445","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"8192a8148c611110b92ba7bcdb927c4a4265229f","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\((T_n,W_n)\\) be a queueing system with stationary arrival times \\(T_n\\) of intensity \\(\\lambda \\) and service times \\(W_n\\) and suppose that for any \\(k\\leq n\\), \\(T_k+W_k\\leq T_n+W_n\\) \\(P^0\\)-almost surely, where \\(P^0\\) is the Palm distribution of the arrival process (FIFO assumption). For any time \\(s\\in {\\mathbb R}\\), let \\(X(s)\\) be the number of customers in the system at time \\(s\\) and let \\(A(0,s]\\) be the number of arrivals within the interval \\((0,s]\\). Using the Palm calculus, the author proves the following relation for the probability generating functions  \\[ E^0z^{X(0-)}=E^0z^{A(0,W_0]},\\quad z\\in {\\mathbb C}. \\]  This is a generalization of the Little's law [\\textit{S. Halfin} and \\textit{W. Whitt}, Commun. Stat., Stochastic Models 5, No. 3, 515-529 (1989; Zbl 0677.60101)]. Assuming additionally that \\(W_0\\) and \\(\\{A(0,u]:u>0\\}\\) are \\(P^0\\)-independent (further arrivals do not affect the service times of customers already in the system), the author shows that  \\[ E^0z^{X(0-)}=\\int_0^\\infty (E^0z^{A(0,u]})F^0(du)\\quad \\text{and}\\quad Ez^{X(0)}=1-\\lambda (1-z)\\int_0^\\infty (1-F^0(u))(E^0z^{A(0,u]}) du, \\]  where \\(F^0(u)=P^0(W_0<u)\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$0ADBC7CE-D909-47FE-B62B-7EF1F407F540","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"955fb085620ac37405957b4ec03c4b57d6213a37","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":181360,"id":"Q181360"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$449A3F4D-DF55-4681-9560-524C22ADA109","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"763034182a2d667b75e92e2d6fff2d7378094131","datavalue":{"value":"60K25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$D27BE989-228D-4964-A409-C8FB34BA83BA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"9698cd8c2ef5954df0ca7b245f8ac8962391d4ea","datavalue":{"value":"90B22","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$894ABB9E-38B3-4C75-8A77-26E113D9F29A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"ac2a979dcf68fb98b0b5b8036595078846d1d1fa","datavalue":{"value":"60G55","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$4FDD18BE-0D34-4EFB-822F-10ECC3C22853","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"de4049a368d68ec2ae6f38a89912f7631be4fe80","datavalue":{"value":"60G10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$20190A87-9E1D-4728-8D0D-83E59FB8651A","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"cbdc2b6bfa44b7195d15b7c18580ec4cc98c2cb2","datavalue":{"value":"1364464","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$82102386-061F-4C71-B41A-E02844E394D9","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"89e0fad7fde755f2f12840d5edb9644d3fe49a2b","datavalue":{"value":"queueing system","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$BEE42FF0-F32E-476B-AF26-2EF90510991C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9a9d807f09db25dbf468689ded4f084e22a043e2","datavalue":{"value":"stationary point process","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$78CB3F0B-AC74-4805-9396-81498B4315FE","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"533b1d2aa03bceb1d0f9c627c8bf15acae2c9651","datavalue":{"value":"Palm distribution","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$C7D120F9-09E0-4DAB-8F07-2E3885513CB6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"622de1e4a0123f95eca2dfec01d7c1a9678e518d","datavalue":{"value":"probability generating function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$6630DA80-9A41-4C9D-8704-1BE4C5DC4243","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$7F616BF3-1074-4D5C-BDAD-277C99767EC6","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fe785bec7d9b66ff90bdd5d392fadbab4351effe","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4289657,"id":"Q4289657"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$3FA734C5-0807-43F1-A259-3E592E1D7F4E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"043d0adfa271cb10c7464a53bee5c814107ff1d9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4367239,"id":"Q4367239"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$B9986DC5-AEA3-4867-9F04-3A336327C80E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3edaaa9b1faf1a4ac50b37f47d6ea8f6f651a6ec","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5681403,"id":"Q5681403"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$D83E35CD-21B6-4968-BD1D-7508C49FA609","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8d362f0b2224d7570d94f07d87bdf17cd3619ead","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4742085,"id":"Q4742085"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$852CA0B3-3616-40BF-8EC0-5D1CB024C3EF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"369a7b23411e421fe2ed72eb96f5540f4c603364","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5644887,"id":"Q5644887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$FF37C848-BBA9-41D4-BCFF-BF465E2915E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"366993ccee1e732912d0adc71f402863df424566","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3833400,"id":"Q3833400"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$25454F14-0591-444E-A0CF-D5B555A17C36","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"aa9554c97e13b0eefcb8b659d3b75efec3a196c2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1113549,"id":"Q1113549"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$03ACBE80-95AD-4C29-B0D1-F9121EF84A6C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"be5e94df73b4991603641b0d64e31f5fb5f10d05","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4188558,"id":"Q4188558"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$88636F85-EBC8-4316-B6A3-690AE839016E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"39606e9cb4bc7bccfdd80ee8e1f6dea747ee91ec","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4878840,"id":"Q4878840"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$DA818F13-856D-444B-8CF1-653CEAD51B82","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"88b99d8d539991ca7e55b50fda02581341785bfa","datavalue":{"value":"Q128100692","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1805751$D08C051E-A4BA-4BCA-97DD-743A98208A26","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"7f00448d49ae14163a6a3d3c93b30de0965b02a1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1113549,"id":"Q1113549"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"755dc8190346d4507aa8ae5230e5d4401b3c1f94","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8561945","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$806C6B81-8472-417D-BD0E-79ECE60B05F5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"216ff2c622bf5e69db878c5ce9c36b3bc3a79454","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3578676,"id":"Q3578676"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9178eb140aee9cb04572987dfbb174af47562531","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.83365214","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$D2F70CC6-8499-4B71-AE93-45F13D8091F0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d1887079b688046a2e12f66f5d0727410f00d293","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1339067,"id":"Q1339067"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3f3a877e16818235e8382e9feb48280f3e93f74c","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8255711","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$C0F99200-DB1C-4CCB-9FEF-518984EEA7FB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1163cedf062a013bca461a531976ec3c126db035","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4849330,"id":"Q4849330"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"802183ab5be01382f8e7fab8a16051cb4c9e56ef","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.81649745","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$9B42E829-986C-4346-880F-2A1D00CAC2E3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"73b454af949267146c5da5ca559fac6cfa9fd40a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3834831,"id":"Q3834831"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5f0cd387b23be5340553c2f7c76ae544f008f460","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8163911","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$88802A5E-20BA-469F-A2CB-0B5BB1D73662","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"667a2ca067d4dd01d375b316b73205ad81833cc5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1317016,"id":"Q1317016"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d4c32a2abbfcba2bb92c885fac4f265b3a207eb9","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8154569","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$AD65B75E-8DCD-420C-98BD-2173D25EF363","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e0f36aeaf9a7bb17b319ac20be84f05acdfe5ddb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3784956,"id":"Q3784956"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"53797778f16796de486cfc56dbf2205f83286d76","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8051102","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1805751$D281569D-514A-488A-B56B-CAD2FCA78341","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"A Palm calculus approach to functional versions of Little's law","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/A_Palm_calculus_approach_to_functional_versions_of_Little%27s_law"}}}}}