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A Markov operator is a bounded linear operator \\(A: L^ 2(X_ 1,\\mu_ 1)\\to L^ 2(X_ 2,\\mu_ 2)\\) such that Af\\(\\geq 0\\) a.e. whenever \\(f\\geq 0\\) a.e. and such that \\(A1=1\\) and \\(A^*1=1\\). Markov operators are continuous infinite dimensional analogues of rectangular doubly stochastic matrices. The author shows that every Markov operator A is factorable in the sense that there is a probability space (Y,\\(\\nu)\\) and a minimal set \\((V_ 1,V_ 2)\\) of Markov isometries \\(V_ i: L^ 2(X_ i,\\mu_ i)\\to L^ 2(Y,\\nu)\\) such that \\(V_ 2*V_ 1=A\\) and that this decomposition is essentially unique up to multiplication by a unitary Markov operator. Here \\((V_ 1,V_ 2)\\) is said to be a minimal set if \\(\\cup V_ i(L^{\\infty}(X_ i,\\mu_ i))\\) generates \\(L^{\\infty}(Y,\\nu)\\) as \\(W^*\\)-algebras. A Markov isometry V is also shown to be precisely those Markov operators such that \\(V\\upharpoonright L^{\\infty}\\) is a multiplication operator.    In general, a bounded linear operator A on \\(L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\) is said to be factorable if there is a (perhaps infinite) measure space (Y,\\(\\nu)\\) and an order preserving operator \\(B: L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\to L^ 2(Y,\\nu)\\) such that \\(B^*B=A\\). If A is a factorable Markov operator, the author shows that B may be taken to be a Markov operator. In general, if A is a self- adjoint order preserving operator, then A is factorable if and only if A is in the \\(\\sigma\\)-weak closure of the cone generated by \\(f\\otimes f\\) \\((f\\in L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\), \\(f\\geq 0)\\). This implies that the set of factorable Markov operators forms a weakly compact convex set in the algebra of bounded linear operators on \\(L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\). Also if \\(A\\geq 0\\) is a Markov operator, then a factorization of A (when it exists) is in fact a dilation of a Markov projection, i.e., there is a Markov isometry \\(V: L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\to L^ 2(\\tilde X,{\\tilde \\mu})\\) and a Markov projection E on \\(L^ 2(\\tilde X,{\\tilde \\mu})\\) with \\(A=V^*EV.\\)    Let (X,\\({\\mathfrak a},\\phi,P)\\) be a full Markov system consisting of a compact Hausdorff space X, a \\(C^*\\)-algebra \\({\\mathfrak a}\\) with identity, a state \\(\\phi\\) on \\({\\mathfrak a}\\), and a continuous linear map P of C(X) onto the space of continuous linear maps on \\({\\mathfrak a}\\) such that (i) \\(P_ f\\geq 0\\) whenever \\(f\\geq 0\\), (ii) \\(P_ 1\\) fixes the unit of \\({\\mathfrak a}\\) and (iii) \\(\\phi (P_ f(a)*a)\\geq 0\\) for all \\(a\\in {\\mathfrak a}\\) and \\(f\\geq 0\\) such that \\(clos\\{P_ f(1)|\\) \\(f\\geq 0\\}={\\mathfrak a}^+\\). For example, let \\({\\mathfrak a}\\) be a separable \\(C^*\\)-algebra with tracial state \\(\\phi\\), let \\(\\{e_ n\\}\\) be a subset of \\({\\mathfrak a}^+\\) which generates \\({\\mathfrak a}^+\\) such that \\(\\sum \\| e_ n\\| \\leq 1\\), let \\(X={\\mathbb{N}}\\cup \\{\\infty \\}\\) (the one-point compactification of \\({\\mathbb{N}})\\) and let \\(P_ f(a)=\\sum f(n)(e_ n)^{1/2}a(e_ n)^{1/2}\\). Back to the general case again, let \\(\\mu\\) be the Baire probability measure satisfying \\(\\int fd\\mu =\\phi (P_ f(1))\\). The positive bounded linear operator on \\(L^ 2(X,\\mu)\\) defined by \\(<Af,g>=\\phi (P_ f(1)P_{\\bar g})\\) is a positive Markov operator. Then the author proves that the operator A is factorable if and only if the \\(C^*\\)-algebra \\(\\pi_{\\phi}({\\mathfrak a})\\) is abelian. Here \\(\\pi_{\\phi}\\) is the GNS representation. This result allows the author to construct a nonfactorable Markov operator A using \\(n\\times n\\) complex matrices \\(M_ n\\). Here A is the convolution operator \\(Af=f*\\psi\\) on \\(L^ 2(U,m)\\) where U is the unitary group of the \\(M_ n\\), m is the Haar measure on U, and \\(\\psi (u)=| <u\\zeta,\\zeta >|^ 2\\) for \\(u\\in U.\\)    The author now discusses the relation of Markov operators to OS-positive processes, i.e., Osterwalder-Schrader positive processes. Incidentally, the author provides the reader with a careful introduction to the ideas from stochastic processes needed for the remainder of the paper. Here let (\\(\\Omega\\),p) be a probability space and let \\(\\Sigma\\) be a standard Borel space. A stochastic process with state space \\(\\Sigma\\) is a sequence \\(\\{X_ n|\\) \\(n\\in {\\mathbb{Z}}\\}\\) of Borel functions \\(X_ n: \\Omega \\to \\Sigma\\) such that the \\(W^*\\)-algebra generated by the functions \\(\\omega \\to f(X_ n(\\omega))\\) (f: \\(\\Sigma\\to {\\mathbb{C}}\\) is a bounded Borel function) is \\(L^{\\infty}(\\Omega,p)\\). A Markov process is a process \\(\\{X_ n\\}\\) with \\(E(f(X_ n)| X_{n_ 1},...,X_{n_ m}\\}=E(f(X_ n)| X_{n_ m}\\}\\) for all bounded Borel functions f and for all \\(n_ 1<...<n_ m<n\\). Here E denotes the usual conditional expectation from probability theory.    Now let \\(\\{X_ n\\}\\) be a stochastic process. Then \\(\\{X_ n\\}\\) is said to be stationary (resp., symmetric) if \\(p\\{X_{-n+1}\\in E_{- n},...,X_{n+1}\\in E_ n\\}=p\\{X_{-n},...,X_ n\\in E_ n\\}\\) (resp., if \\(p\\{X_{-n}\\in E_{-n},...,X_ n\\in E_ n\\}=p\\{X_ n\\in E_{- n},...,X_{-n}\\in E_ n\\})\\) for all Borel sets \\(E_ i\\). A stationary processes \\(\\{X_ n\\}\\) is called an OS-positive process if, for every \\(n\\geq 1\\) and every bounded Borel function \\(f: \\Sigma\\) \\({}^{n+1}\\to {\\mathbb{C}}\\), the \\(L^ 2(\\Omega,p)\\) inner product \\(<f(X_ 0,X_ 1,...,X_ n),f(X_ 0,X_{-1},...,X_{-n})>\\) is nonnegative. \\textit{A. Klein} [Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie Verw. Geb. 40, 115-124 (1977; Zbl 0343.60028)] showed that every Gaussian OS-positive process \\(\\{X_ t|\\) \\(t\\in {\\mathbb{R}}\\}\\) (N.B. the use of the time variable t) has an extension to a Markov process. An extension of a process \\(\\{X_ t\\}\\) is another process \\(\\{\\bar X{}_ t\\}\\) with state space \\({\\tilde \\Sigma}\\) together with a Borel function \\(\\psi\\) : \\({\\tilde \\Sigma}\\to \\Sigma\\) such that \\(X_ t=\\psi \\circ \\tilde X_ t\\) for all t. In the second part of this paper, the analogous problem for the process \\(\\{X_ n|\\) \\(n\\in {\\mathbb{Z}}\\}\\) is considered.    To each process (\\(\\Omega\\),p) one can associate a canonical Markov operator K as follows: let \\(E_+\\) be the projection of \\(L^ 2(\\Omega,p)\\) on the subspace generated by \\(\\{f(X_ n)|\\) \\(N\\geq 0\\); f bounded, Borel function on \\(\\Sigma\\}\\) and let \\(K=E_+R\\) restricted to \\(E_+(L^ 2(\\Omega,p))\\). Here R is the unique unitary operator on \\(L^ 2(\\Omega,p)\\) with \\(Rf(X_{-n},...,X_ n)=f(X_ n,...,X_{-n})\\) which exists by a symmetric hypothesis. Then the author proves that if an OS- process can be extended to a symmetric Markov process, then its canonical Markov operator K is factorable. Using the material on factorable Markov operators from the earlier sections, he constructs examples of OS- processes that are not extendable to Markov 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