{"entities":{"Q1820876":{"pageid":1831618,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1820876","lastrevid":69037248,"modified":"2026-04-13T03:55:56Z","type":"item","id":"Q1820876","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Semigroups of tolerance relations"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3995990"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$12250992-9090-4380-B983-0702136A1C10","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"5a27f5d456d33d65bb8d6d33a449a663b362d40a","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Semigroups of tolerance relations","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$76F8254E-2A13-4529-A481-F1813BFF7A01","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"604121d6629598a023cdeed6d03997bd35086047","datavalue":{"value":"0615.20045","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$FA870058-F89E-4A51-95DC-3394C228455B","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"c10df234b15aa799507f5bd5fb1fd774d2807450","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0012-365X(87)90194-4","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$0EF04709-055C-48E9-9511-7F61EFD0EDD8","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"38665fe4ed2b835132254a58832c329597060029","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":175483,"id":"Q175483"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$7B2F187C-FBF7-4B8F-921E-7AEF899BEF0E","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ae48c61eed19d1e1e1f33f9255d5b329362d064","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1987-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$A4BC90F5-79B7-4706-BAC2-9C377FC02AE8","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d0e1380e48be8c780100628daa2182ea18c40c61","datavalue":{"value":"A binary relation \\(\\rho\\) between elements of a set A called partly reflexive if \\((a_ 1,a_ 2)\\in \\rho \\Rightarrow (a_ 1,a_ 1)\\in \\rho\\) and \\((a_ 2,a_ 2)\\in \\rho\\) for all \\(a_ 1,a_ 2\\in A\\). It is called a (partial) tolerance relation if it is both symmetric and (partly) reflexive; it is called a multipermutation if, for every \\(a\\in A\\), there exist \\(a_ 1,a_ 2\\in A\\) such that \\((a_ 1,a)\\in \\rho\\) and \\((a,a_ 2)\\in \\rho\\). A binary relation \\(\\rho\\) between the elements of a universal algebra A is called stable if \\(\\rho\\) is a (possibly, empty) subalgebra of \\(A\\times A.\\)    Theorem 1. A semigroup S is isomorphic to a semigroup of symmetric binary relations if and only if S is commutative and satisfies the condition \\(x=xy^ 2z^ 2\\Rightarrow x=xy^ 2\\) for all x,y,z\\(\\in S.\\)    Theorem 2. The following conditions are equivalent for any semigroup S: S is isomorphic to a semigroup of stable symmetric binary relations on (A) a Boolean algebra; (B) a ring; (C) a group; (D) a vector space; (E) a module. The stable symmetric binary relations on these structures can be chosen to be multipermutations and, if S is finite, the structures (A)- (E) can be chosen to be finite. A semigroup S satisfies any (or all) of the equivalent conditions (A)-(E) if and only if S is commutative and \\(x=x^ 3\\) for every \\(x\\in S\\). It is shown that a semigroup S is isomorphic to a semigroup of (partial) tolerance relations if and only if S is commutative and for all x,y,z\\(\\in S\\), \\(x=xyz\\Rightarrow x=xy\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$9257811B-1A01-4851-9DFC-CE36BD5273ED","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"af2af9f0b39002fbe531b18972cee790e88d2541","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":579434,"id":"Q579434"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$7D3592DD-0C71-4766-B73E-537B0E2E0C1F","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"28c26f343d909e4a66e25387c3adc02e650c67e8","datavalue":{"value":"20M20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$AC10A4E8-DA9A-41ED-B486-02946CADB5C4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"eadae2eb6bbadf82bbbb96425466d50c2adfbaee","datavalue":{"value":"20M14","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$A80EF03A-5936-4C2A-B6F2-A6A247E3F6E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"308ceb1553bd4b03ccb725c738254e73fff25edb","datavalue":{"value":"08A30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$D36E6295-82F2-49FF-8D30-08BEEBC5CBB4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"161452d058224a660e3b8a96064cc184f10828db","datavalue":{"value":"20M15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$CDB70F94-8D81-44B1-B46D-699C8DE76247","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f598cddc1e022c483f3246020da329f5292862cd","datavalue":{"value":"3995990","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$4ECA71E0-7512-4516-A3B1-6DFFB1B18887","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7a221c4c67afe39b322e329479dbc0888e7fcec3","datavalue":{"value":"semigroup of symmetric binary relations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$D8DB2835-A5B2-431E-A512-1F2DB95C0A07","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f7ad0b2f0392375512a802650579fd679123e21f","datavalue":{"value":"semigroup of stable symmetric binary relations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$BA85C19F-4454-4275-87B2-67452CC4BFDD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2a31db5b3c81dd49775b7ba754a8039affa3901f","datavalue":{"value":"multipermutations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$1658D160-8866-46D5-8D32-7E9D966E0E72","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"db52fe22a5eedc5bbd098be685a89a6e9939b5cc","datavalue":{"value":"tolerance relations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$714FB17E-AB01-4F32-BD79-BD0914B90663","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"7dea7267854c5bcb2fa7a028843ebfb9fc60c804","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":175797,"id":"Q175797"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$282CB4E1-CDFD-4CB7-B390-4AC3BB60C2D2","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$31FDE29C-7B02-4D72-AB2B-BE01129F9C30","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"31b315a35df484ece348b9be2ae4cd2c7476cd27","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5518433,"id":"Q5518433"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$6B466A13-EF0B-42A7-8420-88B947B5E48D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e740a3df63bb24e6125d4f627812a197e4c1c28c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5647110,"id":"Q5647110"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820876$72679FBA-45D1-465D-976C-EC6047123273","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a997a3354acb03217c0fe4f8a7f4cca98daed9ef","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3751784,"id":"Q3751784"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9136f4cdf0c6525eff4746b23b23e86101c5eaba","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8559022545814514","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820876$40FE3839-A85D-4040-9C1D-AA183F9A1A59","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9dbf54c7b7b030f4b00ca6ce3d14297ad627115d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3337665,"id":"Q3337665"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"97bb54b5bc77ae30fb12a406a848e4689c4fd394","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.839611828327179","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820876$7B9A145A-2A5E-4DF0-9D89-2E677BF7E5F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e9d0fa6407b4e20716ce14fb6d9c8fb4c3eb4a85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3804928,"id":"Q3804928"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9e93df0e77537df8885fb7f6a9fd7b38dc8abee2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8291383981704712","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820876$17656766-46A0-4431-B3AA-4457FB5F62B3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d32b78b9378777f92115721fffdbe5e05c446e60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4183497,"id":"Q4183497"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9f31d4bcb70048ecbfe2f2b629a9edca560f54b3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8287731409072876","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820876$0E57B311-15C4-4CC0-93BA-81449711DC1C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4191e9b9f98bc127428b64b8733309183d4d707b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3356539,"id":"Q3356539"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7c3868eb21978b73846b32a07241a7c7e84cd5fd","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8122450709342957","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820876$7C48BAFA-5212-453F-A0B9-6DF3531CE9D2","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Semigroups of tolerance relations","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Semigroups_of_tolerance_relations"}}}}}