{"entities":{"Q1820994":{"pageid":1831736,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1820994","lastrevid":73876890,"modified":"2026-04-14T17:35:30Z","type":"item","id":"Q1820994","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The source of some paradoxes from social choice and probability"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3997488"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$D82839C7-91A6-4EBA-91D8-63171D9CF8BC","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"2ef85d2089ed2e6163cd0a5433d0aa666d15dcfe","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The source of some paradoxes from social choice and probability","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$CD433F24-6246-4EF2-AE19-A622DE53D5C5","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"224c4090ddd5399c9c097f2d15fbab60aa204072","datavalue":{"value":"0615.90010","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$394A6E3A-334D-4723-BF72-41234071C2C7","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"be4dde48b5291cab5e9fa37a931233af98cc0442","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/0022-0531(87)90002-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$031010AA-0AB8-4D0F-83C6-DD8AF643B4D3","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c7787e294aba519d39515afd0bf00c2f41301665","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":226428,"id":"Q226428"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$8F626982-9803-4D22-A177-3EA242E4CABB","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"3bf9ac9ec63184edee159adfddd47bd75703ecee","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":61265,"id":"Q61265"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$19DA5F7D-103B-415C-8870-016A9C85EBA1","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"5ae48c61eed19d1e1e1f33f9255d5b329362d064","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1987-00-00T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":9,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$25014A2D-D175-4965-9943-95B4115DBE51","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"b5b8534df3bd7d82664212e7f202eb4a23566601","datavalue":{"value":"http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/609.pdf","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$EC2A96AC-CF2C-4F7D-8CDC-96D018CACAB1","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"05ba46f174ef9c094521770756c00ca2225481dc","datavalue":{"value":"A simple property of open sets being mapped into open sets is shown to be the source common to many paradoxes in probability and social choice theory. Conditional probability and Simpson's paradox as well as voting and Arrow's paradox are used as the main examples.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$5AF09ED6-D63C-4393-9F8B-B42C417D3957","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"824cfdf2b129d72f7287008060b5bf497f3b4f34","datavalue":{"value":"91B14","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$E1B25742-FCEF-4406-9871-A786142E0DB0","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"1a1a40d9ae44fb275fe92e2bd2e73005f46a79ab","datavalue":{"value":"3997488","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$A7848650-E5E3-4648-A6E1-5B654A48EE16","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ea96f3565bbef248c2c9ddd5bfb5a2ab7142a570","datavalue":{"value":"ranking methods","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$3EE64FBC-555D-4A76-8078-D84E099B0C0B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"05c9368b168941d70d7f2b0e0f6335db79a23e0e","datavalue":{"value":"paradoxes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$C0299B1C-906E-4186-A980-023BAD4ECD88","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9566bdd6607b175f98028af9650e64642048150d","datavalue":{"value":"Conditional probability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$610CE361-EA73-426A-B306-28B301B215AC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"15c11b39c4d83cf8cb32e692ab12f509858ddc5d","datavalue":{"value":"Simpson's paradox","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$05498229-E2BE-472A-99AF-FCD6EF18868C","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"0d2ee28c19c5ebfc8bfbbaf266545840a4e71b5a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":553493,"id":"Q553493"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$91C61532-6ECC-45A4-9365-AD9091EC7962","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$765FE4FE-EDDB-4783-B6AF-5DF29831D111","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"d210ce1155e55d33b32bbc45d55ec4a98ca11548","datavalue":{"value":"W2039188005","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$F5963160-AF7E-4372-80E8-575C68B11267","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1283d688910084a9422855693adbd2e04994be5b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5657500,"id":"Q5657500"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$EA2AEF73-0C18-4C01-8CB9-C7B1246A0A9A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2cf9847149c087dd169ffd51f2b9991ae8246f95","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5657501,"id":"Q5657501"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$C09FBC41-9020-4AA6-A305-A0F4E8669FCA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0305b8686fe1b5447758cc1402b935d325c1b108","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3323629,"id":"Q3323629"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$FDEDEFD3-007B-43A2-BC61-891A0B3C1E6B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"aee051cb73d37323c74df30375f9005e67dac160","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1148200,"id":"Q1148200"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$370F49C8-F9AF-4CB7-867E-DF9F7ACDF9C7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fe503be90006caab0579ba3d04eadb61aff159cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1245133,"id":"Q1245133"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$7A484B66-B8CF-4C22-AB1C-866271043754","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c054107ae34262629677bbbadef510e644347a28","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3964281,"id":"Q3964281"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$4239448D-1766-476A-B199-23A3809BDF11","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"be0ec37033d50eb5acca8c641841d7029e76df0d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2266654,"id":"Q2266654"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$1B38D761-5830-490E-AEC4-027F8982D2D8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"bb09bf28b447118e24d838fafe1e67a156813b32","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3255777,"id":"Q3255777"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1820994$F4D9AAE5-887C-46A4-A59F-741E33DBCC8E","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"772ca93988755e9975bbe15f5d29ee6be0aebc86","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4942667,"id":"Q4942667"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4785f928bfaeed072915da48d7ba0f8ac5d97d20","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7787759900093079","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820994$37F1387C-D35F-4504-9F66-6C1F0D7CC9C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"644822a22deb2871c68a03e9da8cc2c3714a49f9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3471791,"id":"Q3471791"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4785f928bfaeed072915da48d7ba0f8ac5d97d20","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7787759900093079","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820994$448E0B3C-CFDF-4604-BB3C-B7A2108AEC95","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"80a8f8777f69170aaba7528b6afca25e526b005a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4878468,"id":"Q4878468"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c76e3a8ceab196db9cc2d2a0ff61cb58b329395d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7735105156898499","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820994$7EDB35EB-5D70-4354-AF94-11606F011728","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1258c2797702b6051242731312cbbf1c9410cc84","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":812352,"id":"Q812352"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e3fd2e8adf7e7c24e172289ef29861785d04d855","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7436925172805786","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820994$565F0369-8645-4603-867B-AE647813A958","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"edf359bb7faf579e32248c6dfeb2383083462f4f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3799783,"id":"Q3799783"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a031221724fc0e079b5c07c2aac96c15fce5ffbc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7358418703079224","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1820994$52C68B11-C5C7-4253-8AEA-F3E66583017C","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The source of some paradoxes from social choice and probability","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_source_of_some_paradoxes_from_social_choice_and_probability"}}}}}