{"entities":{"Q1856427":{"pageid":1867169,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1856427","lastrevid":73899903,"modified":"2026-04-14T17:40:03Z","type":"item","id":"Q1856427","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Viscosity solutions on Grushin-type planes"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1865539"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$21766E41-52A1-420C-AFF9-FFC93D8CC1F9","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"925b70d71a90e3d78a7f93867bc318a62880a54f","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Viscosity solutions on Grushin-type planes","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$1AF0D068-2D0B-498E-AC51-26ACDCAA715E","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"167721552e687da8491be14eab972e3217760636","datavalue":{"value":"1029.35079","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$4767129A-3210-4BB8-ABDA-B243CAAC4E8B","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"855f98ff9a83e599b4ef7b49c9c843328d843ed3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":333252,"id":"Q333252"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$3197B2E1-BB44-4A94-8CAD-6C98677CE2CC","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"c2b9e892f1ffa11a66ee26af1e2c8bc1a173eacc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":226831,"id":"Q226831"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$6A0418DA-4A2B-4E42-80BA-432CC8B3950F","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2c9b077b3f30da72d266422297496088ec95f449","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2004-02-09T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$C309C313-452A-41EB-AD09-7AE292699187","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"144565f6073534492b21a195c6da856c6d0eaa12","datavalue":{"value":"Improving his results \\textit{T. Bieske} [Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 27, 727-761 (2002; Zbl 1090.35063)] and employing the superjets and subjets mechanisms \\textit{M. Crandall}, \\textit{H. Ishii} and \\textit{P. L. Lions} [Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 27, 1-67 (1992; Zbl 0755.35015)], the author prove a maximum principle for viscosity solutions of a class of nonlinear differential equations under subelliptic environment on Grushin-type planes that is not a group. The paper is rather technical but all fundamental ideas are clearly explained.   In more detail, the Grushin plane is determined by vector fields \\(X_1= \\partial/ \\partial x\\), \\(X_2=\\rho(x)\\partial/ \\partial y\\), \\(X_3=\\rho'(x)\\partial/ \\partial y\\), \\(X_4=\\rho''(x) \\partial/ \\partial y,\\dots\\), where \\(\\rho:\\mathbb{R}\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) is anonconstant polynomial. The plane is moreover equipped with inner product where \\(X_1\\), \\(X_2\\) are orthonormal and the relevant Carnot-Carath\u00e9odory metric  \\[ d(P,Q)= \\inf_\\gamma \\int\\bigl\\|\\gamma'(t) \\bigr\\|dt\\bigl(\\gamma'(t) \\in\\text{span}\\{X_1,X_2\\}\\bigr). \\]  The class of equations considered is \\(F(P,u(P),\\nabla_0 u(P),(D^2u(p))^*)=0\\) with continuous function \\(F\\) satisfying \\(F(P,r,\\eta,X)\\leq F(P,s,\\eta,Y)\\) whenever \\(r\\leq s\\) and \\(Y\\leq X\\). Here \\(\\nabla_0f(P)=(X_1f(P),X_2f(P))\\),  \\[ \\bigl(D^2 f(P)\\bigr)^* = \\left(\\begin{matrix} & X_1X_2f(P) & \\tfrac 12(X_1X_2+X_2X_1)f(P)\\\\ & \\tfrac 12(X_1X_2+ X_2X_1)f(P) & X_2X_2f(P) \\end{matrix}\\right). \\]  The definition of viscosity solution (in terms of subjets and superjets) cannot be stated here. The main result ensures the inequality \\(u(P)\\leq v(P)\\) \\((P\\in\\Omega)\\) between upper semicontinuous subsolution \\(u\\) and lower semicontinuous supersolution \\(v\\) if \\(\\lim\\sup u(Q)\\leq\\lim\\inf v(Q)\\) as \\(Q\\to R\\in\\partial\\Omega\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$520D02D7-9C0A-4C48-9462-C662CE5D7DBA","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"c0abefd646609d9c72ef0c7c960df609622e3061","datavalue":{"value":"35H20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$2A7B8245-B56B-4D9E-9886-9826B18BA5A8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"aa401cc296e466ee2fb5ee368a514d30cdf0db3a","datavalue":{"value":"35B50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$1E473534-03E1-41A0-BD6D-6291EC7C1BAD","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"751bed130354c6e48dbc719a7779d5f5623b7b34","datavalue":{"value":"1865539","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$F320E6E6-534E-4056-BBF4-1E27B5136A67","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2fe42c272703541f538969c4f6067a32dd3dd1c0","datavalue":{"value":"Carnot-Carath\u00e9odory metric","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$CE930310-E5A5-4835-89E1-A5EBE894A171","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"cd73ef14e243a9ba467a8cfb93f25d595b970cf1","datavalue":{"value":"upper semicontinuous subsolution","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$ACDE42C3-7067-4614-ADC9-C0E2ABACBAD1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"65a251222130dcedf061301352d7562c56eca6dc","datavalue":{"value":"lower semicontinuous supersolution","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$8D0C67A9-61EF-4DBE-8E39-8CF1C5D4EEF1","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"624e2e19ed14ecd03b7fd1cc4fe256800be64250","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":587447,"id":"Q587447"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$255355B3-B79D-4257-8718-6C6AA664A308","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1856427$45058850-09F1-46C5-B834-D954B32090C4","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"838cb20c9935c244075dbcaca224c3ef05c9ec63","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2328015,"id":"Q2328015"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"22ba6cde4dceddeb3bfecb447aae0ba17e17e3de","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6597681","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$664A873C-5EFC-4CD3-A5B4-1F2A97445E1B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5797cca18a6f6fc8c8c22fa5b40bbf64d409742b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3475669,"id":"Q3475669"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"37eff59572b3bc66a729f43149846fe171f717ae","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6502753","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$BA003089-5E23-4FD8-8997-53D7EA008304","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"54bd3b329678e9fc518faf9ed62a8413f1aaa9ae","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3650795,"id":"Q3650795"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cffbfa11507b64bf338094ae0edb4cd69a80fd59","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6409191","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$C4F55C65-E3F0-4C0C-9BAC-E7D6F87E49B3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"55504ce62491cd48ba5a4923499d5bdb3b35c544","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5690994,"id":"Q5690994"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1cb4fb3f73f7dcaac35e31841160fde455c52b3d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6406132","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$5B6AC8C5-E39F-49F1-B6C5-67DA0AE1E9F0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c31918e117c0f51c40270d63efa080219db78f39","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1174564,"id":"Q1174564"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9bcef376d067cb9bcd811cf58ee2b0b570b4076d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.63961","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$2A15012E-CB79-4E81-9624-62A1694CDB4E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f9542a684bb9c825b98f9bcb676326a35f8b119e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1952492,"id":"Q1952492"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f39b171928ffe549f759e8ff7f6ed9123ec837ca","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6383694","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$CC88830C-6E75-4759-9542-ECBEBD26E34A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"eccdff480a9cfdc8b97b6d9542e80e729a917447","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2255116,"id":"Q2255116"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e5a813b348ce5653814210ba7d182262cf955529","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6367011","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$2AA72ED0-89F4-4B5E-910B-0807B1B15B38","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bd7128a2f057e6894e4b87268e537e56796c3401","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4861568,"id":"Q4861568"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"99e9f30f1b4a52aef3e8fa1feb5f7deb7c83b90d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.63643694","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$2887C99C-6C0D-4513-AF52-5D9C01FECA00","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2c8f52747e6832e6785c9fae7796a6fbe453297e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2163400,"id":"Q2163400"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9ece7141665eaa07cb6e9ec84b372c201ab48b56","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6362321","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$8391E083-70A1-44DF-BA00-9A1FB3AC28AB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"143736554fb6a338b1e3c0015c95213bd86d625d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4867281,"id":"Q4867281"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b186ea43fef6568d916c2266aa4b294ef9df1345","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.6326571","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1856427$AFD6FB43-E7AC-4673-B8A1-7BCC9A3F2FC8","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Viscosity solutions on Grushin-type planes","badges":[]}}}}}