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An affirmative answer was given by \\textit{E. Artin} [Abhandlungen Hamburg 5, 100--115 (1926; JFM 52.0122.01)]. Later contributions on the topic gave more precise statements. For example, \\textit{B. Reznick} [Math. Z. 220, 75--97 (1990; Zbl 0828.12002)] proved that if \\(p\\) is a homogeneous polynomial in \\(n\\) variables with \\(p(x)>0\\) for all \\(x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n}\\setminus\\{0\\}\\), then there exist an integer \\(\\nu\\geq0\\) and a finite number of homogeneous polynomials \\((q_{j})_{j\\in J}\\) such that  \\[  \\| x\\| ^{2\\nu}p(x)=\\sum_{j\\in J}q_{j}(x)^{2}\\qquad\\text{for all } x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n}. \\]  An extension of this result for positive polynomials on semialgebraic sets (that is, sets defined by polynomial inequalities) was given in [\\textit{M. Putinar} and \\textit{F.--H. Vasilescu}, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, S\u00e9r. I, Math. 328, 585--589 (1999; Zbl 0973.14031)].  In the paper under review, the authors investigate the structure of polynomials of the form \\(p\\in\\mathbb{R}[x]\\otimes A\\) (that is, polynomials with variables on \\(\\mathbb{R}^{n}\\) and coefficients in an arbitrary \\(C^{\\ast}\\)-algebra \\(A\\)) and having the property of being positive (in the operator-theoretic sense) on a certain ``semialgebraic'' subset \\(K\\) of \\(\\mathbb{R}^{n}\\) defined through a finite number of inequalities of the form \\(p_{k}(x)\\geq0,\\) \\(k=1,\\ldots,m,\\) where \\(p_{k}\\in\\mathbb{R}[x]\\otimes M_{\\nu\\times\\nu}(\\mathbb{C})\\) is a polynomial on \\(\\mathbb{R}^{n}\\) having as coefficients (\\(\\nu\\times\\nu \\))-matrices. The main result of the paper consists of giving a non-commutative infinite-dimensional analogue of Hilbert's 17-th problem in this prescribed framework. In a particular case, the main result reads as follows: Assume that \\(p\\in\\mathbb{R}[x]\\otimes A_{h}\\) and \\(p_{k}\\in\\mathbb{R}[x]\\otimes M_{\\nu_{k}\\times\\nu_{k}}(\\mathbb{C})_{h}\\) are homogeneous polynomials of even degree (where \\(A_{h}\\) is the real subspace of the self-adjoint elements of \\(A\\)) and that \\(p(x)>0\\) for all \\(x\\in K\\), where  \\[ K:=\\{x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n}: \\| x\\| =1,\\;p_{k}(x)\\geq0\\;(k=1,\\ldots,m)\\}\\neq\\emptyset. \\]  Then there exist homogeneous polynomials \\(q_{j}\\in\\mathbb{C}[x]\\otimes A_{h},\\) \\(q_{j,k}\\in\\mathbb{C}[x]\\otimes M_{\\nu_{k}\\times1}(A)\\) (\\(j\\in J,\\) \\(J\\) finite and \\(k\\in\\{1,\\dots,m\\}\\)) and an integer \\(\\theta\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{+}\\) such that  \\[ \\| x\\| ^{2\\theta}p(x)=\\sum_{j\\in J}\\left( q_{j}^{\\ast}(x)q_{j} (x)+\\sum_{i=1}^{m}q_{jk}^{\\ast}(x)p_{k}(x)q_{jk}(x)\\right) \\quad \\text{for all }x\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n}. 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