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A surface in a triangulated 3-manifold is called normal if each component of the surface in each tetrahedron is a normal disk (basically, a triangle or a quadrilateral). Normal surfaces date back to Kneser in the 20's and Haken in the 60's and have proven to be very useful. However, normal surfaces of nonnegative Euler characteristic are often a problem, as they make Euler characteristic count difficult. Roughly, the goal of the authors is to produce a triangulation without normal spheres. The authors prove that given a triangulation \\({\\mathcal T}\\) of an irreducible 3-manifold other than \\(S^3\\), \\(S^2\\times S^1\\) and the lens space \\(L(3,1)\\), \\({\\mathcal T}\\) can be modified algorithmically to produce a triangulation with exactly one normal sphere, a vertex linking sphere. Note that for any vertex in a triangulation, the vertex link is a normal sphere; thus this result is best possible. The authors call such a triangulation \\(0\\)-efficient. The main tools in the proof are collapsing 3-balls with normal boundary and then modifying the resulting triangulation, and shrinking (normalizing) and barriers.  The notion of \\(0\\)-efficiency is extended to compact manifolds where the \\(0\\)-efficient triangulation has exactly one vertex on each boundary component. It is extended further to certain non-compact manifolds, namely, manifolds with cusps homeomorphic to a torus cross \\(\\mathbb{R}\\). For these manifolds the authors prove existence of \\(0\\)-efficient idea triangulations.   Several applications are given, including algorithms in 3-manifolds (for example for finding maximal collection of non-parallel 2-spheres) and construction of irreducible knots (originally due to Bing); in fact, it is shown that every edge of an efficient triangulation is an irreducible knot.   \\(0\\)-efficient triangulations are useful for the study of various structures on 3-manifolds, for example see [\\textit{I. Agol} and \\textit{T. Li}, Geom. Topol. 7, 287--309 (2003; Zbl 1037.57008)] for an algorithm to decide if a 3-manifold admits a Reebless essential lamination and [\\textit{T. Li}, Heegaard surfaces and measured laminations. 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