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The Hodge bundle is the rank \\(g\\) vector bundle on \\(\\overline{\\mathcal M}_{g,n}\\) defined by \\({\\mathbb E}=\\pi_*\\omega_\\pi\\); the line bundles \\({\\mathbb L}_i\\) on \\(\\overline{\\mathcal M}_{g,n}\\) are defined as \\({\\mathbb L}_i=s_i^*\\omega_\\pi\\), where \\(s_i\\colon \\overline{\\mathcal M}_{g,n}\\to\\overline{\\mathcal M}_{g,n+1}\\) is the section of \\(\\pi\\) corresponding to the \\(i\\)-th marked point in the fiber of the universal curve. It is customary to denote by \\(\\psi_i=c_1({\\mathbb L}_i)\\) the first Chern class of \\({\\mathbb L}_i\\) and by \\(\\lambda_j=c_j({\\mathbb E})\\) the \\(j\\)-th Chern class of the Hodge bundle. A Hodge integral is an integral of the form  \\[  \\int_{\\overline{\\mathcal M}_{g,n}}\\psi_1^{k_1}\\cdots \\psi_n^{k_n}\\lambda_1^{l_1}\\cdots \\lambda_g^{l_g}.  \\]   Computing Hodge integrals is a difficult problem in general. \\textit{M.~Mari\u00f1o} and \\textit{C.~Vafa} [in: Orbifolds in mathematics and physics. Contemp. Math. 310, 185--204 (2002; Zbl 1042.81071)], obtained a closed formula for a generating function of certain open Gromov-Witten invariants. By localization techniques, and comparing it with the calculations in [\\textit{S.~Katz} and \\textit{C.-C.~M.~Liu}, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 5, No.~1, 1--49 (2001; Zbl 1026.32028)], Mari\u00f1o and Vafa's formula can be reduced to a formula for Hodge integrals. The proof of the Mari\u00f1o-Vafa formula relies on large \\(N\\) duality, a tool which is not fully clarified from a mathematical point of view at the moment. Yet, the resulting formula for Hodge integrals is a purely mathematical statement and in this paper the authors give a purely algebro-geometric proof of it.  The strategy of the proof is the following. The authors denote by \\({\\mathcal C}(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) the generating function of Hodge integrals occurring in the Mari\u00f1o-Vafa formula, and by \\(R(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) the value of \\({\\mathcal C}(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) predicted by Mari\u00f1o and Vafa: it is an explicit expression written in terms of characters of symmetric groups. Then they show that both \\({\\mathcal C}(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) and \\(R(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) satisfy the same differential equation (the cut-and-join equation), and have the same initial value: \\({\\mathcal C}(\\lambda;0;p)=R(\\lambda;0;p)\\), hence \\({\\mathcal C}(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) and \\(R(\\lambda;\\tau;p)\\) coincide. The hard part of the proof consists in showing that \\({\\mathcal C}\\) and \\(R\\) satisfy the cut-and-join equation. As far as concerns \\(R\\), this fact is a consequence of algebro-combinatorial relations on symmetric groups. The proof that \\({\\mathcal C}\\) satisfies the cut-and-join equation, instead, is based on functorial virtual localization on the moduli spaces of relative stable morphisms to \\({\\mathbb P}^1\\) [\\textit{J.~Li}, J. Differ. Geom. 57, No.~3, 509--578 (2001; Zbl 1076.14540)]; \\textit{J.~Li} and \\textit{Y.~S.~Song}, Adv. Theor. Math. 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