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For groups acting on real trees, the main structure theorem (which had been conjectured by J. Morgan and P. Shalen) has been proved by E. Rips and states that a finitely generated group acting freely on a real tree is a free product of surface groups and free abelian groups. In this paper, the authors give a proof of Rips' theorem. They obtain also several related new results, some of them generalizing work of Morgan-Shalen, Morgan, Paulin and the first author.   The results include the following: Let \\(G\\) be a finitely presented group with a nontrivial, stable and minimal action on a tree \\(T\\). Then either (i) \\(G\\) splits over an extension \\(E\\)-by-cyclic where \\(E\\) fixes an arc on \\(T\\), or (ii) \\(T\\) is a line, and in this case \\(G\\) splits over an extension of the kernel of the action by a finitely generated free abelian group. Let \\(G\\) be a word hyperbolic group. Suppose \\(T\\) is a virtually cyclic \\(G\\)-tree. 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