{"entities":{"Q1899922":{"pageid":1910664,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1899922","lastrevid":69232929,"modified":"2026-04-13T05:38:52Z","type":"item","id":"Q1899922","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A stability theory for integral equations"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 804658"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$DFE43EBB-B1EB-4619-8AD7-B3CFEF100675","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"23169f5fe8307b4c1937308836155fc3f1f4c4cb","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A stability theory for integral equations","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$9FA7DB51-CC28-47F4-9868-2270DAA823E0","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"43d390a0da55bb6ba41cda969f5b225fc6d1b9e5","datavalue":{"value":"0833.45009","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$411282E3-AFD0-43A3-B8D1-AC3523700A22","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"49d6d7e043fba084b0031744f214404c4cc99954","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":194760,"id":"Q194760"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$F6727A2A-CAD6-48DD-AF11-F641A73BA3A6","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"894be799020e9aad5f698deaabf9e3b9c5d87e0e","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1996-03-18T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$E9B3C216-1887-4B8D-BA1C-A7748AB92DCF","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"4e22622e6f66a6ccc0ef95c85e80c4c728902eb4","datavalue":{"value":"The most important thing we have to know in stability theory of differential equations is the set of what we call equilibrium points. A useful meaning in developing such a theory is introduced in the present paper and it is termed ``near equilibrium''. Briefly speaking given an integral equation \\(x(t)=a(t)-\\int^t_{\\alpha(t)} Q (t, s, x(s))ds\\) we say that a pair of functions \\((\\psi, \\Psi)\\) is a near equilibrium if \\(\\Psi(t) := a(t)-\\psi(t)-\\int^t_{\\alpha (t)} Q(t,s, \\psi (s))ds \\in {\\mathcal L}^1 [0, +\\infty)\\). In other words \\(\\psi\\) fails to be a solution by an amount of an \\({\\mathcal L}^1\\) function.   The authors develop a theory concerning asymptotic stability (in a certain sense) of a near equilibrium of the above integral equation. The proofs of their stability results rely mainly on the use of Lyapunov-like functions. A characteristic result of the paper is the following:   Theorem 1B: Consider the equation \\(x(t)=a(t)-\\int^t_{t-h} D(t,s) x(s) ds\\), where assume that \\(a : \\mathbb{R} \\to \\mathbb{R}\\) is continuous, \\(a\\) and \\(a^2 \\in {\\mathcal L}^1[0,\\infty)\\), \\(D(t,s) \\geq 0\\), \\(D_s(t,s) \\geq 0\\), \\(D_{\\text{st}} (t,s) \\leq 0\\), \\(D(t,t-h)=0\\) and \\(D(t,t) \\leq P\\) for some \\(P > 0\\). Then there exist continuous functions \\(p, q : [0, \\infty) \\to [0,\\infty)\\), \\(p(t) \\to 0\\) as \\(t \\to\\infty\\), \\(q \\in {\\mathcal L}^1 [0, \\infty)\\), a continuous function \\(V(t,x(.))\\) defined for a solution \\(x(t)=x(t,0,\\varphi)\\), where \\(\\varphi\\) satisfies \\(\\varphi(0)=a(0)-\\int^0_{-h} D(0,s) \\varphi(s) ds\\), and wedges \\(W_i\\), \\(i=1,2,3\\), such that \\(W_1(r) \\to \\infty\\) as \\(r \\to \\infty\\), \\(W_1(|x(t)-a(t)|) \\leq PV(t,x(.)) \\leq W_2(|||(x-a)_t |||) + p(t)\\) and \\(V'(t,x (.)) \\leq -W_3 (|x(t)-a(t)|) + q(t)\\). (Notice that the symbol \\(|||\\cdot |||\\) stands for the \\(L^2\\)-norm and as usually \\(q_t(s)=q(t + s)\\), \\(s\\in[-h, 0]\\).)   Several examples illustrate the results of the paper in case of finite or infinite delay, where the stability regions are also provided.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$C60F1567-01D0-46AC-921D-E1796EA8D1DE","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5eaa0898c1ba54ba12ba938da0bb05fef8b0f317","datavalue":{"value":"45M10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$5987E5DE-7FE7-4AE9-8F14-456DD294CF3C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4059770b895a4bd7561f24aa8c3c45a991a04a11","datavalue":{"value":"45G10","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$4E03B4E8-FD5F-4840-9A6B-34C6C17A61ED","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"19b00962c5b28303c077e535223ce07805871edf","datavalue":{"value":"45M05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$5CE50814-6CE8-4010-B341-472CA39E0F20","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"8f0876aed91c2738eb7c7bc81485b012619e54bf","datavalue":{"value":"804658","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$FCF9F55B-09F7-4E7D-B6E9-D9C8E2BBB301","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"666af62b00c6daa803cde4a770d555f3925a1fe2","datavalue":{"value":"near equilibrium","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$99CC347B-1C7A-4327-A7D7-A1E8CAD2BF00","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7727eafffda3289917ad7627d8becbc8460953dc","datavalue":{"value":"stability theory","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$10804CBE-3E55-4146-82B1-7440136CB14A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"4c077a4adddc98d2c25978836a4fc4d5fd6bc250","datavalue":{"value":"equilibrium points","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$779DC223-4733-45D7-81BC-0C7DD81A869F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"808accf94fdd511e013f0239dc8d3b47ae03eb32","datavalue":{"value":"asymptotic stability","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$C76352AF-DB6D-459E-9F5C-B430C4391E48","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"bed506ced04a862236a0da69a5e50f9f6079e138","datavalue":{"value":"integral equation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$C9097794-590A-4FE3-A054-10C7D4E09D82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f000661491c5eafb3ed9f51df3c97adf36da2fb8","datavalue":{"value":"Lyapunov-like functions","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$80D9058E-26E8-430E-938D-8A1C696C8D7A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a17b86620bafddf25a6ec5e9a103817f2bf041f3","datavalue":{"value":"infinite delay","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$DB0B23A3-1B83-4BD2-BD0E-7813D33D8BAA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"11a3e744ed413bad1ce553b47432e65361ce8f94","datavalue":{"value":"stability regions","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$D8A0024D-26B1-49FF-BCE9-A73272E55676","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"4497b7ce7b16d4927fd6e78346c8d42149d08b64","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1067157,"id":"Q1067157"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$FEAFB259-60A5-4C6F-92B6-847263430F64","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"9a0ef0049c4ff30c453e450d25bad141588a9f92","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161688,"id":"Q161688"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$570767A7-B555-461A-997B-7CE02E9AEE8F","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"267fcb51f03bd0a3f323e4ac9ee7d2165dc3926e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":701313,"id":"Q701313"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$3EDD06BE-2E6D-4D7E-BC5E-6F299AE3FAD9","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$B2BC43E9-1E2A-4956-B371-6B8476F7AD39","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"66315db02b65bca690cb88e6ec368be5d37d93de","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1216/jiea/1181075832","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$83EC16B0-991A-4193-A66C-4274A80F90ED","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"46bdcc5bf0016d235d3a2f84421de130f475fb56","datavalue":{"value":"W1976339404","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$1ADACF98-2801-4E45-93DD-8415B15C4DCE","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"781e11a2c8fb6072b8aca5ce7356b036af607299","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5902605,"id":"Q5902605"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$5B6ED10F-1F2C-49BA-8073-0179466AA00E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"34e78798ab6cc17aa2b3bda657fb016ce4fddf7a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3997912,"id":"Q3997912"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$8872512A-0BCD-452A-9A88-2DC38262BC4B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"506cab228e49403b37f45aa3e125775c9b213c83","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4692887,"id":"Q4692887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$BF415285-A3A3-468F-A759-6E3A8ECE6D2C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a0a5cc9e3773ca3db7398b83e4f4e985bd70ca14","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2534345,"id":"Q2534345"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$4257140A-CBF9-48EE-8D56-F573BDB89A5C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"82249d1623c1ec31015abb8b2b5bd1c8b36fdee9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1235815,"id":"Q1235815"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$8582644E-7500-49D4-B7FD-F236E7CC0D40","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fdab60475f08d956bf9d27d355eeba6772c97540","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5724151,"id":"Q5724151"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$7C73E317-2DD3-4A73-9302-2E1C81CCFB43","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"980f185b97ad37d190781da260f28a7f801b7ac9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2533804,"id":"Q2533804"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$3D6B1B80-D540-4778-B1E9-20B46D3D9FDA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"51d0a0d7ea9d70f3827206bfa90140d22671ea51","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5529919,"id":"Q5529919"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$8F279D44-76F4-47AA-BAEF-A84A78B15927","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6cf012de4bc2efaf81d1ab357348d8133a476c91","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2394841,"id":"Q2394841"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$83C49BF4-1233-4333-BF06-9E072E42BF5F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6c8e5320061ffa7966930cf2be11e624356a34fb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3265777,"id":"Q3265777"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$4C1C0841-9F81-43A7-9508-69D44E1F9C33","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a9b07af75db04ceb3bd25b43b1e02fc0902ec2cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5520199,"id":"Q5520199"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$07929AD2-3B1A-41EF-BF3F-D12C9D4CD07F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"a3ce825ebc75a9e32a416e7301450c166b0e7b5b","datavalue":{"value":"10.1216/JIEA/1181075832","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1899922$B12E35F8-B789-46CD-969A-1778760A07A5","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0a8c7eed50ecbc088da5266647ad9c17352be08d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4487989,"id":"Q4487989"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f61d653246f1b9faa745ea8c592c6ec7af5a24ff","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7856239080429077","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1899922$176F1B36-B26C-4901-A4D0-2022B677D67B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d38e612d23b2585e316d0c194ef10be0d89ba4b2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5486887,"id":"Q5486887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3431823c1f5e9c950a43103ec446fecf6f654f6f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7853471040725708","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1899922$8B4EDBBB-7423-4B5F-AEA4-77608BF28D1E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"27f23eb28c5578a07580d95eb8b99b94acb0b1f6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3769396,"id":"Q3769396"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cbe7abcf54a95e517b9b7a6d4cb3e8107b2a0f95","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7846668362617493","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1899922$EEBC3CC8-EEB0-4726-B644-0BAA36267270","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d2615822c30dcb584c511d2f663f0226e2c9dea2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4304526,"id":"Q4304526"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"60a2a7fdd63fe9640c9149721d8fd2a9d2251c1b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7822954058647156","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1899922$AE252B42-3405-49E6-98B0-964F977CCB7E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2b2e49380ad197095235952337debdcede1ea5cc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2563796,"id":"Q2563796"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"25bb6e09f0167d5af717182f18da7295be5fbe11","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7795974612236023","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1899922$944587CD-174D-4D3C-89EA-DDE0BE051055","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"A stability theory for integral equations","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/A_stability_theory_for_integral_equations"}}}}}