{"entities":{"Q1918375":{"pageid":1929117,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1918375","lastrevid":71815884,"modified":"2026-04-14T00:43:56Z","type":"item","id":"Q1918375","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The Laplacian on rapidly branching trees"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 912125"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$4A499651-107F-447A-9667-136E18D58ED4","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"1c34bbee01b6f63bb5a4c129cd4bc8f4f5428bf1","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The Laplacian on rapidly branching trees","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$4DC403C1-FD05-4908-AE48-048597268F99","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"5f98e423664337b3a1b9096d8a215aff825fa2b5","datavalue":{"value":"0856.58044","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$AAA13F71-75F5-4C23-BD22-A6FF12431D95","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"9862e6adb29838f24a229e860094d6f3434ba682","datavalue":{"value":"10.1215/S0012-7094-96-08308-8","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$FD9BB991-81D7-423D-99DE-78632229D6E9","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"f45788bae44664d18d3de736a92b04b32a76c964","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":290748,"id":"Q290748"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$6136D05D-DEA6-42C8-8515-D5F111C092E5","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"e8d78105b574d85114159aeeb77fd1baaa47af9d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":247488,"id":"Q247488"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$AFA39E56-3074-43CC-8D13-D11A5B42C7FC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"2d3360b6b943b694e0d876edcc46e387fe24c809","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1997-02-24T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$354DC62E-223A-465B-BF6A-0108695E2FE9","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"ece4a6211287b06d0eae6d4500ffd461ea7180c4","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(K(r):= \\sup\\{K(x, \\pi): d(p, x)\\geq r\\}\\), where \\(K(x, \\pi)\\) is the sectional curvature of a 2-plane in \\(T_x M\\) and \\(p\\) is the basepoint of a complete simply connected negatively curved Riemannian manifold \\(M\\). Let \\(\\text{Ess}(\\Delta_M)\\) be the essential spectrum of the Laplacian on M. Donnelly and Li proved:   Theorem. If \\(\\lim_{r\\to \\infty} K(r)= -\\infty\\), then \\(\\text{Ess}(\\Delta_M)\\) is empty.   The author establishes an analogous theorem for graphs. Let \\(\\alpha_\\infty\\) be the isoperimetric constant at infinity of a locally finite infinite graph \\(G\\) and let \\(\\Delta_G\\) be the combinatorial Laplacian.   Theorem. a) \\(\\alpha_\\infty= 1\\Leftrightarrow \\text{Ess}(\\Delta_G)= \\{1\\}\\).   b) If \\(T\\) is a rapidly branching tree, then \\(\\text{Ess}(\\Delta_T)= \\{1\\}\\).   c) Let \\(T\\) be an infinite tree with \\(m\\geq 2\\). If 1 is an eigenvalue of \\(\\Delta_T\\), then it has infinite multiplicity.   The author also gives necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the branching numbers that 1 is an eigenvalue of \\(\\Delta_T\\) if \\(T\\) is an infinite symmetric tree.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$BFB172AA-EFD3-4E64-BC44-E9EEC12564E7","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"ba2f81c2cea09c5562dc4c79432cec451954f4ea","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168622,"id":"Q168622"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$DC3980CA-57D0-49A8-BEA4-022116D7ABD0","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"ac5363adcb936e5da736a8382ff776775f1e7e29","datavalue":{"value":"58J50","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$C8C35FC5-F6C1-4DB7-A1AC-54EB45F68728","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e35cfda1c439de499de525a8a9009114d934bb37","datavalue":{"value":"05C99","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$22799F1E-6517-4E9C-95CA-34658F47465F","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"0a86e25e536cd3d184bbb6ac510151e8e401fa48","datavalue":{"value":"912125","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$AE61E821-1EC5-47A9-8B5E-986EC9A92C47","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7146c2819fbeedb702f7b725ef135774812891af","datavalue":{"value":"infinite graph","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$09485EF0-F837-42BB-B426-6D1FDF3C3C07","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b1b306c17371e5f82d470980321f8bcf39a9381e","datavalue":{"value":"combinatorial Laplacian","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$752C4408-D8EC-44DE-8A9F-6C57BE07C5D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a99eb45d60d4222a2b94bce504a51f62ff4816af","datavalue":{"value":"rapidly branching tree","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$C612F8A0-4C71-4F96-8CFC-946E1FA4A1DC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2621a7f114359c15599320f635eb9b30e969bde4","datavalue":{"value":"eigenvalue","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$7CA5667C-B161-48C7-B214-9B4A8D84E4FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"167dde1fea4ef6f09e3c5994cd5dc0161f3dd3cc","datavalue":{"value":"infinite symmetric tree","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$5E1A71AD-0C35-4807-B1E4-3DE90BBAAE97","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$5DA18946-A985-4A2A-A182-79FAD5505EF4","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b2a0e18c3bb71e2a99bde15fcbacc4277229e1f3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1803634,"id":"Q1803634"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$5F791AB7-EB52-4DF5-AD43-245808A07C03","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"96455fa68668fd5941eb7b3ee151a5fc6e7e0c28","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3822887,"id":"Q3822887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$9BD8E837-2407-4019-8721-17A564F75728","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d0090329eb5aa5e361e40c6484b03f0b00c416ea","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3755461,"id":"Q3755461"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$BA327895-8D77-454E-8803-803691DAC6C9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7e387f235c2b403dbb5f6b12622ce28921950a76","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1153565,"id":"Q1153565"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$DE60E636-AAA3-40B8-A9F3-32695715A669","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2703216f07f24542108235dc5343774f655a01ec","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":754544,"id":"Q754544"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$B23CD5D8-3859-4D53-91DB-9442557E8978","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"82cd627fd2d0041b254c406aecbdd0b89d9835f7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2779206,"id":"Q2779206"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$AAF3229A-1C22-4EA7-A1A6-3DD8667CC491","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"35b77509d3d1fb91b599168232887bea1d8ab55d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1922260,"id":"Q1922260"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$6B45265F-FC22-43D9-A201-3E2026F040F7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"973b46a38bc7cce7ee6143a0f8d04028a9bef718","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4700123,"id":"Q4700123"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$304B4360-5FC4-402B-8AC9-90AF1F02351F","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"9e56694d3d1dc0b939a35e6198633b88804c105a","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1215/s0012-7094-96-08308-8","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$021DBB6E-67DD-44E8-8B17-3402734C6CAA","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"b7bea457b9af5576cb96c921aa2fb011d4bf394f","datavalue":{"value":"W2092517882","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1918375$61A6E3F7-27B2-4562-8084-07493A8EA3D3","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"00764b180520a45dc55fd39e1f797a46e6a31a3e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2655149,"id":"Q2655149"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"80dbdece23f6224daaf1175637e8205d659f21b1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8004556894302368","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1918375$72469859-3339-4BB1-A649-9F71123FBFD9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"388c7789d5f0d3369e167e5309d499cb0521e1df","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1922260,"id":"Q1922260"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a65f34269fed3fa6bd2727c4669bbd8603576f39","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.799701452255249","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1918375$5F4DA9B1-AA1A-436C-B7A0-A4F52AD18137","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"95bb1dd6a34fb7682b718e1ee9ba9deaed0570c7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2832677,"id":"Q2832677"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"cd1e0428b856efe08fcf72a2836a8e35009c6a88","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7986944317817688","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1918375$E7E253D6-CB71-465C-A69C-22C928489878","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4517c9af79151b79b0541e2418c1a98ef716a3a6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2636975,"id":"Q2636975"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"58124506106ca016a3a48181d3559af5577d21d4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7802233099937439","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1918375$C9BD3E20-9885-4EC4-9B21-B926BC2BDD15","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b523a4518b10521887cc19c3e8a5d8e3c7923934","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1958651,"id":"Q1958651"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9c9f849849f1e1c894a82ecb36b94418942fa4f3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7751280665397644","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1918375$E0649951-85F3-43CC-AE15-78464385D1D6","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The Laplacian on rapidly branching trees","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/The_Laplacian_on_rapidly_branching_trees"}}}}}