{"entities":{"Q1956376":{"pageid":1967118,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1956376","lastrevid":57628284,"modified":"2026-03-31T16:36:45Z","type":"item","id":"Q1956376","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Relational hidden variables and non-locality"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6175505"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$9ED53B82-643D-4905-B436-B57E6A916EAD","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"4c3214e578b2ab5523c0199041742af23b22867c","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Relational hidden variables and non-locality","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$88A7EAF4-7DF3-442B-9985-7BF19713B142","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"a9a17e7fbe872c6168a6123fc22f5a3528da9d74","datavalue":{"value":"1278.81101","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$3338E802-E49F-4C2F-89F3-6958C81F5B43","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"c52c91827c5a18fc450af4cec489c4fb0e8f46e0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":320191,"id":"Q320191"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$9300AFF1-D609-4ABF-AF42-2A360262A5EC","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"e34236ca73b92c6ee0bc17431d03c3537a7f0792","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":195358,"id":"Q195358"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$0114A884-980A-45B0-B667-F1C911B926EC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"941e851e9877657670322e09601dde648b64f50c","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2013-06-13T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$CDAEE5AF-4BA1-4AD1-9F06-E10A620D3AC1","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"666ba73adb5e73567ad97215705ab2fca8cd05a4","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.2754","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$DFDB7C58-D7BD-464F-B410-CBEA837B356B","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"e5356c3923fa674dce70d4eb5a90f49bd9803c4f","datavalue":{"value":"This paper develops a relational framework, rather than a probabilistic model, to discuss the problem of hidden variables and non-locality. The essential formalism is the form  \\[  e: M\\times O \\rightarrow \\{ 0,1\\}  \\]  where \\(M\\) is the set of measurements on the system and \\(O\\) the set of outcomes. If the result is 1 for a combination then this is a possible event in the system. The notation e denotes empirical since the elements of the relation can be observed. To include hidden variables an object  \\[  h \\subseteq M \\times O \\times \\Lambda  \\]  is considered where \\( \\Lambda \\) is the set of hidden variables. The definition of e realising a model is that for any \\( (m,o) \\in e \\) we can find \\( \\lambda \\in \\Lambda \\) where  \\[  h(m,o,\\lambda) =1  \\]  This is a brief summary of the formalism which may oversimplify it slightly. It is very elegant but perhaps Prof. \\textit{J. S. Bell} may not have liked the term ``measurement'' to describe the elements of M. (see [``Against `measurement'''. NATO Sci. Ser. B, Adv. Sci. Inst. Ser. 226, 17--31 (1990; \\url{doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-8771-8_3})]). The paper takes the reader through a range of results where probability models can be described by relational models. One interesting one is the Hardy paradox where it is shown that in a particular system non-locality must be present and the results cannot be explained by hidden variables [\\textit{L. Hardy}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, No. 11, 1665--1668 (1993; Zbl 0972.81522)]. In this paper, this is demonstrated using a relational model which provides a good example of the formalism:  \\[  M= M_{1} \\times M_{2} = \\{ (X_{1},Y_{1}),(X_{1},Y_{2}),(X_{2},Y_{1}),(X_{2},Y_{2}) \\}  \\]  \\( X_{i}, Y_{i} \\) being `measurements' on two quantities and the outcomes are described by  \\[  O = \\{ (R,R),(R,G),(G,R),(G,G) \\} . \\]  In the final discussion in the paper, the computational aspects are considered and it is shown that membership of the a class of hidden variables models is a NP problem.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$03759926-1C35-40EE-AC45-44A30EF0CDB4","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"92cfb7df4fdcfe974164aeeecc70425f07d4fee8","datavalue":{"value":"81Q65","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$BD584A35-1130-4AF0-96FC-5927D77BE079","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"22de035c0f3d1627b7b38165e1cdba15493724ba","datavalue":{"value":"81P20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$84D729E5-3667-4286-A574-5D29A7433F3E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"95fdc38b9beeb1cbbfac2975717b64e2e1dcd94f","datavalue":{"value":"81P05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$EBDC2E54-04F2-406A-95DD-8602E85C63B7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5ba4f254528f0243a639e5d75d2711104b8610ab","datavalue":{"value":"81P15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$547D39B8-4F68-428E-A658-73CEA13E0FB4","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"8988acec6ce3e1e3b9f56541fc92a65897d37b19","datavalue":{"value":"6175505","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$FBFF30F9-5DE8-4862-A98A-7D3A98B63F01","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b168949ad65eacad6a571cf475f141c61e80c1a4","datavalue":{"value":"quantum mechanics","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$8A177308-BFAE-4BE9-96DA-C0B0FEEC073F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"e6cb51902357e08ee7cd6673c4f4371dc5a3c599","datavalue":{"value":"non-locality","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$877325BF-82C2-44DB-875E-1419EF817071","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"1c578f2428a27b08a50c2e90dfe1bde57d844a79","datavalue":{"value":"hidden variables","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$7412584D-2B67-4C11-BE80-DDF65228D34C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"fe4a83e9bf1465d5662c8bbc43f6d98e579abdca","datavalue":{"value":"relational models","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$E7B982AD-9E3C-4675-887F-DE87F57AD4CA","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"eb13e474795b43eef83de494e24158e167a3d8e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":592453,"id":"Q592453"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$D4CF2B3D-184C-4110-84E0-55E28FAA44D2","rank":"normal"}],"P1463":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1463","hash":"a9301974fbdbf3896f705a4c8ed840f169a9b63f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":19182,"id":"Q19182"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$94BA2975-88F2-47D6-85BC-17DDF09072FB","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$2EEB16BE-3686-4D10-A156-6F35DE869B66","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"8c8328405ad603e106cb4518d39b826ad02d4a01","datavalue":{"value":"W1502986101","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$1AE2E8A9-A156-44DE-BB7E-06051A77918E","rank":"normal"}],"P12":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P12","hash":"2185c0544c26ff7547f4087e6a4764a39ad38281","datavalue":{"value":"Q57006474","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$6B8B7580-8111-4660-803C-F0BF93B548C8","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cdd7474a6a7f48d1f24b8321c3d8645ca643ee7b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5135226,"id":"Q5135226"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$7C929481-9839-4B37-926B-E3DD3E458D84","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b6d2e00403254cc103c40dee5a08821d34a43321","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3535587,"id":"Q3535587"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$002AC330-AD4E-4A86-8EFA-A156C06FC12B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ee341373c0d001749fbdee21e6ef0eaa186d1ee5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1967804,"id":"Q1967804"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$87C9C1F2-B769-456C-A770-CC26C9FD876B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a41c48ae033d6a021f1ff3a4e0ed4f08f4c95ff3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5363832,"id":"Q5363832"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$1D91CF5C-14A2-4F0A-83FF-71794604828B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"43d9f34473448029447be05b232fd8591503f543","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5275652,"id":"Q5275652"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$903D24D8-F004-4547-ACA6-6232B354C467","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e352700e89e42c8d944f800e628d3e41526eb326","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5758664,"id":"Q5758664"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$C6D3CC00-3B34-4E17-BE91-3501DBADCC53","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"add4812a8a8bcdae670784cd6329eddec37b3890","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":763215,"id":"Q763215"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$05C67D6C-716E-4CEA-BE66-CEBB8D89EC14","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"809ee6484c0c68405593abc0bdb5cf0eb6c6d6e8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4496837,"id":"Q4496837"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$3B0C8864-80AA-4C26-9AEF-A22A6AD58A15","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"242caa4bd19021d6b358e8e191d5c488a1f1b85f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4492095,"id":"Q4492095"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$89C7DEF1-E47D-4B40-8CA6-EB8FF897DD4B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3473edfe0e31b429c0405615afe024ba69140e33","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5536167,"id":"Q5536167"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$3FE423F9-B7FD-4282-B166-0CB11B4F5DB9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d3e58bac6208e0b257239f199b4609b34b8219a6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":703864,"id":"Q703864"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$91E07B25-6968-437A-B908-3C7206648361","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"931ee8a3c9e83d0fa2545ab093da61455f0ab3e7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4490694,"id":"Q4490694"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$E5DC55F6-861E-40D3-815F-017977896C6B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4c3b5cb63f9feceb872c6230b11b7593eacd0c28","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3088846,"id":"Q3088846"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$096323D5-96FC-4610-A257-2134BF4F237A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c3a445fad0dc0985d7853860e848fa4592ae7f51","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2706552,"id":"Q2706552"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$798D8248-DA36-492C-A664-F51C69A593D3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1861ff38a08bb35b13bdc6c3e4efb1bfa7623f8e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1187636,"id":"Q1187636"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$1B468270-D1E7-45B3-BCE6-BD1F9452C392","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cefe3932ed0c4a409b2d7421befe372f484c03a8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1185456,"id":"Q1185456"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$DB55969A-8851-4774-A620-0842F5D5590E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c8be9375a315209f41df1b38374a5e7e956d28bf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5807665,"id":"Q5807665"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$F1FDA9D6-4AAF-4EE1-9C49-52C91D1C5DA5","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"71a465aae2b8ecc32ce3caaaaff31965055895a9","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S11225-013-9477-4","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$240B92DA-00CA-4085-81C2-D773C07B0781","rank":"normal"}],"P1635":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1635","hash":"1dfd517be83e706774bd3466468659dc8d3daff1","datavalue":{"value":"journals/sLogica/Abramsky13","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1956376$04AFD924-C374-4937-B2A9-FE5C27F40F0B","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2b26866b9d7a6a6b212bd7b7fc03714fa1f830bd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1963217,"id":"Q1963217"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b4d463925c380319be5499efac8bb36ac491015d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7811691761016846","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1956376$27F4E161-03FD-44FA-9478-9473E90009BB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5155e97fa50bdbb1c21d6722afe8cf73351a4b60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":436960,"id":"Q436960"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"77ef6b0f62d21590c463953f895a35f225fdef00","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7789489030838013","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1956376$5407BB63-199E-4939-B84B-B7C01A06E2B2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6e98437c491b926e2da94fc6787daad015d96f30","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2172822,"id":"Q2172822"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"21ae783f030b07c88a43a745f541a32262e25ad3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7762603163719177","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1956376$B3BEF865-7633-4445-AFFD-909477A93B82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"c907a23b4d73b1eff5f4dc8e969fb52f8db9426b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1735921,"id":"Q1735921"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"73b9eae55dbdb6acdd1b8906520c5355a2bdb6b2","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7736223340034485","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1956376$54E526E2-E69C-4167-A8AD-EA60009AF98B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1d31189590e5af0b2397c1a6f99a5a7f42859ee2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3535587,"id":"Q3535587"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e13734f61f3a394af642da2e9823ca5a967220fe","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7724936604499817","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1956376$0062F430-583C-47F0-97D9-8C1403BF1C58","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1956376","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1956376"}}}}}