{"entities":{"Q1962075":{"pageid":1972817,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q1962075","lastrevid":43446324,"modified":"2025-07-25T22:30:40Z","type":"item","id":"Q1962075","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Free topological groups of spaces and their subspaces"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1395038"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$FF3AC2F2-A4FB-4EAA-950B-F86441FB1E4B","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"e54ecee0285962c58a01b4006967d2d3d00c17dd","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Free topological groups of spaces and their subspaces","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$83DE0F8C-5863-4AB0-BECC-EFE4A51981AC","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"70a6222d1b19d1023efc4cbe95ab5ce2405d02f1","datavalue":{"value":"0943.22003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$C92D3AC2-9CEA-405B-B0FB-5F2CEEC30F01","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"211fc1d4be6a4d0c10f8ab7c9b48af88fc67ab30","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/S0166-8641(98)00123-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$FC13B2CB-6E64-4489-8FA4-0ABFFB02434E","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"8aaa6e6ec259355fe64b566b6eb7b658bdf7d4bf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":923732,"id":"Q923732"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$28AD04CF-401D-43A7-BCAF-37AA933228C0","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"caed9871dffabe010c529575fe8b7c33d0847d94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161372,"id":"Q161372"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$5D1F811E-D8FA-4651-B698-91C0E02D1999","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"b3a497233c3b9babc42d370358782cbff338a7a1","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2000-08-21T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$305E1447-B518-4D54-9A79-4683F89F561C","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"9b71ab68832546e93f67cd1fd0bad05f1437413f","datavalue":{"value":"Free topological groups were introduced by \\textit{A. A. Markov} [Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 31, 299-301 (1941)]: for a Tychonoff topological space \\(X\\), \\(F_M(X)\\) is the algebraic free group of the set \\(X\\) equipped with the strongest group topology such that any continuous mapping of \\(X\\) to a topological group \\(G\\) can be extended to a continuous homomorphism \\(F_M(X)\\to G\\). If \\(Y\\) is a subspace of \\(X\\) then the natural embedding \\(F_M(Y)\\to F_M(X)\\) is continuous and algebraically isomorphic. The author gives a criterion for this embedding to be homeomorphic. Let \\(X\\) be a completely regular \\(T_1\\) space, \\(Y\\subseteq X\\). The topology in the free group of the set \\(Y\\) induced by \\(F_M(X)\\) coincides with the topology of \\(F_M(Y)\\) if and only if each bounded continuous pseudometric on \\(Y\\) can be extended to a continuous pseudometric on \\(X\\). The sufficiency was proved by \\textit{V. G.~Pestov} [Vestn. Mosk. Univ. (1) 1982, 35-37 (1982; Zbl 0499.22001)]. The author constructs a family of pseudometrics and uses a result of Markov to prove the necessity. As corollaries, the following results are derived: 1) if a completely regular \\(T_1\\) space \\(X\\) is Dieudonn\u00e9 complete then the group \\(F_M(X)\\) is Weil complete; 2) any \\(T_0\\) topological group \\(G\\) is a quotient group of a Weil complete \\(T_0\\) topological group; 3) if \\(\\dim X=0\\) then \\(\\text{ind} F_M(X)=0\\).","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$0725DCED-541F-428D-A2E3-80AF8A88DA88","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4b401dc4eec2ba3cb0025b54e4a8352cc0d7a062","datavalue":{"value":"22A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$60F452E9-9C1E-45D8-AB45-AF2AE978BC34","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"454a8f46c5a67bf723188630ddad8fabe9629727","datavalue":{"value":"54B05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$E2D84074-5C05-4CD6-9835-55AEA54DD8F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1afcde8f681fb95370dba30f2e660bfbd1183692","datavalue":{"value":"54D30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$0D857ADC-E2DF-4EAB-9EEF-A1D08228E888","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"96e1ac47ce559d7602ed6cc22856d9e72605be6d","datavalue":{"value":"1395038","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$50EEABA2-051E-4332-ACAB-AFEC7AD85826","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"21f02192253e48a4e913572bc0c506e23d86c0ac","datavalue":{"value":"free topological group","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$637752B0-F98B-41D0-A472-D87C15C1E91A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9e20b56f758de65f1b5e2b6017592594730f4f67","datavalue":{"value":"pseudometric","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$F0FA5A24-4B3D-471C-B3B8-6C4CB66D07C6","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"fbceecc778b2fa69cffb0540db97ee9d324d6696","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":696810,"id":"Q696810"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$6BBD461A-B16D-4A03-BFB6-6F9D320A9F33","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$4BDE0D00-627A-4C70-92A8-0874929E51D8","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"9861cd7a3c09dc89c4bdc56b1d8ea374e7643806","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-8641(98)00123-0","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$94C446C2-B6FA-4021-91CD-BC83736448A1","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"7e9162880dfcd3d2c012c392675eb05ac108fa0f","datavalue":{"value":"W2079533728","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q1962075$74B7DC60-0C13-427F-88D3-4F001CD11756","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"86a135f2db2eb04ee00da7d16a6593c4e79aebb4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3320595,"id":"Q3320595"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f13fb83d11fa7173e92e9025199429b665e64656","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.80261886","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$418F735A-2C6B-4D3C-A8D8-295B25ECE6B0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6376eee25d38743180a1ad5bf6b3ab6381843b6d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2217249,"id":"Q2217249"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"8efeaa8fe3bed1054ece25996780393a5a9d2008","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.80077887","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$9104427C-05A0-4271-B399-C9313EDA67CB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5c9f3c1dfef4fa40a61a40cb05ffa5c9bac64594","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3751786,"id":"Q3751786"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"69f95b46d0c3fdb9beb7eca001940456a5f9e411","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.78348774","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$10344AA2-6A6A-4705-94FF-C160168393EB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b43804e9aad3038b9bb0951e21e5609c016037b6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3704105,"id":"Q3704105"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f4133c3810f468543cf9ced2a510f4a33890f9a1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.78060097","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$BDE7E66B-CE9B-4724-A093-008A9DA749C4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"80619e5965d268a934df202c33009d7e16a2fcb8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":581865,"id":"Q581865"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"271beea385f103a1db50d1d30118b3819c9d94ec","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7736162","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$61BDFAA5-2C6A-4FD6-8F0C-CED3F50F30EB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"95cc7986a731550e7d66c4e27312f4a6cc2559d3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3031191,"id":"Q3031191"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e5b88844cc109e5edbf2bcbfda7bd79c4b82852f","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7663273","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$375D8BC2-F764-4394-A415-D4E2FB9E4656","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f0bf52227f51556fff6d387db1bc4a9611b84895","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4726470,"id":"Q4726470"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5c351bc9f44b5e37b2b6336baed515af8adb8661","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7505689","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$30A66ED4-BC50-46F1-B074-E5D952B112DB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2b13d38dcc9aded9bfaaffa8673534afd163cf60","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3734741,"id":"Q3734741"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"beeb5571e2a9b0d8e1245b626c3a3aa370f10bc8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7478104","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$EE6339D1-0DCA-4673-B2A3-B85EEC5F6497","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"2c00f92a31eeee0bf16cedff9cef60ab10c08281","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1105704,"id":"Q1105704"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"998eca41369eadc48fae228fc9cab861dac82f61","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7463554","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$72A4997F-310D-4D8B-9B23-984CED5DB725","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d3e05c0cb757833199d9237526bc945cb6c5bc35","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3976469,"id":"Q3976469"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1f4c0fd8f8b70bd90ca0023d03fd97500d4eb76b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7399163","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"ba354e87a58191d58d132c60481c945a3234ce85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6534273,"id":"Q6534273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q1962075$C496E403-41A8-4730-9E75-3E20AC40A2F9","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:1962075","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:1962075"}}}}}