{"entities":{"Q2161166":{"pageid":2171909,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2161166","lastrevid":71434968,"modified":"2026-04-13T22:14:43Z","type":"item","id":"Q2161166","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Functional degrees and arithmetic applications. I: The set of functional degrees"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7567684"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$DC268C89-1A6A-4F70-8A6E-1C7EA0712B47","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"8c90bea4594dca6c5876106a2b3aacbd01b49c57","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Functional degrees and arithmetic applications. I: The set of functional degrees","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$F2D83634-CE61-462C-9481-324FA3077F34","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"4dccc4d8af9ea5de212f95160564420fb74af066","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":463058,"id":"Q463058"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$16D85FAE-274B-4FE5-88C4-097744944517","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a28ccb7bb3a901cfb75226a3e3bd963dca6ea516","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":323409,"id":"Q323409"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$82573515-052D-40BC-8529-46271886C1FB","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"93541bb195a0809b1f249396bcebe99d047e6b6c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161561,"id":"Q161561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$02FFE94F-29B1-48A5-95C1-6140BE86E9DC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"563dfd2d7fe5e800709347107faac54b2d997517","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$8E41A44F-DC80-41A5-B40D-173E29769747","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"0dd5c9fb59375694738614cdb2dc4806a558a06c","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.02763","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$93F0DC90-86C0-4724-B83C-8663A3CAC8A2","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"567a23dd8434759c004324871eeecb40b406c9c3","datavalue":{"value":"The topic of functional degrees of maps is interesting in topic Algebra. In this paper, the authors give a further development of the Aichinger-Moosbauer calculus of functional degrees of maps between commutative groups. For any finitely generated commutative groups A and B, they compute the complete set D(A, B) of functional degrees of all maps between A and B.  Let \\(\\mathcal{P }\\) the set of (positive) prime numbers and \\(\\mathbb{N}\\) the non-negative integers and put \\(\\mathbb{Z}+ := \\mathbb{N} \\ {0}\\). For \\(n \\in \\mathbb{N}\\), we set \\(\\mathbb{Z}_{n} := \\mathbb{Z}/n\\mathbb{Z}\\). In particular, \\(\\mathbb{Z}_{0} = \\mathbb{Z}\\). Moreover, we endow the set \\(\\tilde{\\mathbb{N}}:= \\mathbb{N} \\cup \\{-\\infty,\\infty \\}\\) with the most evident total ordering, in which \\(-\\infty\\) is the least element and \\(\\infty\\) is the greatest element. Let \\((A, +)\\) be a commutative group. For \\(n \\in \\mathbb{ Z}^{+}\\) we define \\(A[n] := \\{x \\in A | nx = 0\\}\\) and \\(A[n^{\\infty}] := \\{x \\in A | nkx = 0 \\text{ for some }k\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{+}\\}\\). For a prime number \\(p\\), we say that \\(A\\) is a \\(p\\)-\\textbf{group} if \\(A = A[p^{\\infty}]\\). The \\textbf{torsion subgroup} of \\(A\\) is \\(A[\\mathrm{tors}] := \\{x \\in A | nx = 0 \\text{ for some }n \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{+}\\} =\\bigcup _{n\\in \\mathbb{Z}^{+}}A[n]\\). We say that \\(A\\) is \\textbf{torsion} if \\(A = A[\\mathrm{tors}]\\). We say that \\(A\\) has \\textbf{finite exponent} if \\(A = A[n]\\)for some \\(n \\in \\mathbb{Z}^{+}\\), in which case the least such \\(n\\) is called the \\textbf{exponent} of \\(A\\) and is denoted by \\(\\exp(A)\\). In the other case, we may write \\(\\exp(A) = \\infty\\). We also set  \\[ e(A) := \\begin{cases} \\exp(A) \\text{ if }\\exp(A) < \\infty, \\\\ 0 \\text{ if }\\exp(A) = \\infty. \\end{cases} \\] For a finitely generated commutative group A, we denote by rank(A) the least n such that A is a direct sum of n cyclic groups. A commutative group A is \\textbf{torsion-split} if \\(A[\\mathrm{tors}]\\) is a direct summand of A. Every finitely generated commutative group is torsion-split. The main results are as following:   Theorem 1. Let \\(A\\) and \\(B\\) be nontrivial commutative groups. Assume that \\(A\\) is torsion and \\(B\\) is torsion-split. Let \\(P\\) be the set of all \\(p \\in \\mathcal{P}\\) such that \\(A[p^{\\infty}]\\) is nonzero and \\(B[p^{\\infty}]\\) is nonzero. If \\(P\\) is finite and if, for each \\(p \\in P\\), \\(A[p^{\\infty}]\\) is finite and \\(B[p^{\\infty}]\\) has finite exponent, say \\(\\exp(B[p^{\\infty}]) = p^{\\beta_{p}} \\) and \\(A[p^{\\infty}] = \\bigoplus^{r_{p}} _{i=1} Z_{p^{\\alpha_{{p,i}}}}\\) with \\(\\alpha_{p,1} \\geq ....\\geq \\alpha_{p,r_{p}} , \\) then  \\[ \\delta^{\\circ} := \\delta^{\\circ}(A,B) = \\max_{p\\in P} \\left(\\sum^{r_{p}}_{i=1}(p^{\\alpha_{p},i} - 1) + (\\beta_{p} - 1)(p - 1)p^{\\alpha_{p},1-1}\\right), \\] with \\(\\delta^{\\circ}(A, B) = 0\\) if \\(P = \\Phi\\), and  \\[ D(A,B) =\\begin{cases} {-\\infty} \\cup \\{ 0, 1, 2, . . . , \\delta^{\\circ} \\} \\text{ if }\\exists p \\in \\mathcal{P}, A = A[p^{\\infty}], B = B[p^{\\infty}], \\\\ {-\\infty} \\cup \\{0, 1, 2, . . . , \\delta^{\\circ}\\} \\cup \\{\\infty \\} \\text{ otherwise}. \\end{cases}  \\] Theorem 2. Let \\(A\\) and \\(B\\) be nontrivial commutative groups. Assume that \\(A\\) is torsion and \\(B\\) is torsion-split. Let \\(P^{\\prime}\\) be the set of all \\(p \\in \\mathcal{P}\\) such that \\(A[p^{\\infty}]\\) is nonzero and \\(B[p^{\\infty}]\\) is nonzero. If \\(P^{\\prime}\\) is infinite or if there exists \\(p \\in P^{\\prime}\\) such that \\(A[p^{\\infty}]\\) is infinity or \\(B[p^{\\infty}]\\) has infinite exponent, then  \\[ D(A,B) =\\begin{cases} {-\\infty} \\cup \\mathbb{N} \\text{ if }\\exists p \\in \\mathcal{P^{\\prime}}, A = A[p^{\\infty}], B = B[p^{\\infty}], \\# A < \\infty, \\exp(B)=\\infty ,\\\\ \\tilde{\\mathbb{N}} \\text{ otherwise}. \\end{cases} \\] Aichinger-Moosbauer developed the notion of degree for functions between two abelian groups that allows them to generalize the Chevalley-Warning Theorems from fields to noncommutative rings or abelian groups of prime power order. I persume there is a prospect for further advanced extension of the results in this paper.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$84597663-0C0F-455B-BEC6-92196848C783","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"eff0cc2259f5fefcb820ca5f4d207c63549574e4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":829841,"id":"Q829841"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$3D9B699F-08A7-41EE-A700-C981BB3BE0A5","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"a2a08fbf923859623db67d2f25dda13b53d2263b","datavalue":{"value":"20C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$44413763-0E03-4D44-93C4-70C316D1AD44","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5005488ac12471348bfecb95099a57fd4da722ac","datavalue":{"value":"11T06","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$1FCDF2B3-3735-4123-88BB-A770EFA34603","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"eff0a0b30fce63a72f2b4716638c8599020c0a0c","datavalue":{"value":"20K21","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$F741F7B3-CD54-4177-B0E5-3B5068925431","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"13a880741f6f7aa1a4b691f23a1ea4d349674e32","datavalue":{"value":"20K30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$0D984EB5-5B46-4937-AE37-DF17410196E9","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"2ee71600b6a4f608736f51aeed709d30dfbd9278","datavalue":{"value":"7567684","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$E4249A4C-0277-4A5E-A90E-93657C9B9966","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8de56e9e7d0fba2a55ccabf59ae6caff4d8db310","datavalue":{"value":"functional degree","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$880BFB1F-52A3-475E-9446-817146842504","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"79e713321b274bf91039d49e67face59361f2a9a","datavalue":{"value":"polynomial functions","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$8723FD51-024B-412F-AB56-1838B2FFFA1F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b0e4dd294df2d3c06891db7759a295f99ae15e99","datavalue":{"value":"abelian groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$322DF88D-9AE0-4D7C-957C-A50488E80C63","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$737F5D63-2054-4063-A7C4-8FB5E9E8022D","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"5d2425311aa415d696a6cc5845aa1b43bc353e4f","datavalue":{"value":"W4221149569","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$333FEE37-DEE8-4A27-91DA-ED3860370F51","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fa2de9dfa80ad15c2b83c8cf10a29cfcb881c683","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2216535,"id":"Q2216535"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$181AE5BC-653B-4F91-A472-4453FC708299","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5cced81f91994182e251ac2039b0d4b57ff86fe0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5731802,"id":"Q5731802"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$6EDABBC7-F3BD-4B03-901A-D1BCD8BB830A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a107257780afe9a73ee9be305c171bcc4104bff1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5829819,"id":"Q5829819"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$E0D0D471-B57D-4D7C-96CF-7176A2334E24","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f75cb91cd5db70d8fe078298d0ae22d685da46e9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3754754,"id":"Q3754754"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$46C1FFE5-960F-4AC3-963C-F2C53016346E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"7be7ce3f1bf312a05274e0fd9a5f72872dd48ef6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5646994,"id":"Q5646994"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$9FDD6F43-1988-47F1-BD93-CC57C4401E9E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5ea691c02852993527a3f8232d54751f48749d71","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":704867,"id":"Q704867"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$522B0C06-8D2B-4955-944A-C1A27D113B82","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3964121765de9b6212edbb1eaf3cea09bfdb3d66","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1601461,"id":"Q1601461"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$E1EAEA28-2335-43B5-845B-770D12B47A1B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e985c34e432c864d338c5da3a695768619b90278","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4764432,"id":"Q4764432"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$024AF119-1130-4D60-BFC4-95C06A157E45","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"793ccf5135218f0e75f8abc02e964a3aae67068f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2017201,"id":"Q2017201"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$41B9C5C0-8BCF-4C60-8DBF-5BCEB2EBE67C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"fd927a9c61227403bc88a01b42144cca4e4f1f01","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2785520,"id":"Q2785520"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$6B32C053-B7CF-43ED-96EF-70E54195A3FD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a65490c31018bb8b810f5ffe4666a51a6a14b710","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1246556,"id":"Q1246556"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$076D3174-D1F7-4018-88B4-BBB836B6A476","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"90c5baa176fdaffaa9f38515f37a917adf5ef112","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":856866,"id":"Q856866"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$09D35DC0-6BC3-4950-89D0-7B753A9C7C9D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"327e36733059470394422e7d38cecd19e04af98b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1211087,"id":"Q1211087"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$5223BD04-A68E-4000-8C15-231F21EBFA80","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"e4633d8f92bde450e555c6710ba91fa60a31518e","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2022.05.035","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2161166$0729C43B-9C72-4800-ADE6-D3D945E52079","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"39ac25afcc1d9d7608805bfe5cb429e3f55f7498","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1889498,"id":"Q1889498"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"093e3f70a31a5ca152ea467df00d2eaa782ae1e7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7680597901344299","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2161166$FA82C4A0-9586-41A8-9C57-608C1EA1B9FB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"0bc1a8abcf75a3e7bfa8be6cd8ced18d4d8015be","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5151066,"id":"Q5151066"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b4be922648196ab5679896fba787d0053e33ace7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.758124589920044","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2161166$5D9FBA0B-3E7A-4073-A4B9-69EC1998EFF0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"3fac9cf394f45d02f2045aa755cfdaf6124adfc5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3975901,"id":"Q3975901"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b198a602bcae824be0e7f94b68229ab6e06971f8","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7179187536239624","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2161166$B47B92D6-0DA2-4B02-8453-DF04788D43C3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"db7d3560d1bd7a6bf19c12c0b3251405335b2f08","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":685300,"id":"Q685300"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"db6cbcaf2e533fd575440c0d92a47865d0840df4","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7047364115715027","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2161166$0797B622-13BA-44D0-A557-D9111EC2D513","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e9ba2b03589132242a376f07d799a83ecbf67adf","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2216535,"id":"Q2216535"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"a91ce6a4f95bfef6f53d9fb25db5c190ed4b7c42","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7040553689002991","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2161166$A9DF9BB2-7E4C-48E0-B8D3-C7DFD1EB444E","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Functional degrees and arithmetic applications. I: The set of functional degrees","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Functional_degrees_and_arithmetic_applications._I:_The_set_of_functional_degrees"}}}}}