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For a coherent sheaf \\(E\\) on \\(Y\\) let \\((V_E, v_0, \\mathcal E_E, \\alpha)\\) be a semi-universal deformation of \\(E\\) as defined in [\\textit{Y.-T. Siu} and \\textit{G. Trautmann}, Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 238, 155 p. (1981; Zbl 0526.32021)], i.e., \\(\\mathcal E_E\\) is a coherent sheaf on \\(Y\\times V_E\\), where \\((V_E, v_0)\\) is a germ of an analytic variety and \\(\\alpha \\colon \\mathcal E_{E, s_0} \\rightarrow E\\) is an isomorphism.  For a flat deformation \\(\\mathcal F\\) of \\(E\\) along a germ of an analytic variety \\((T, t_0)\\) there is a universal morphism \\(\\varphi\\colon (T, t_0)\\rightarrow (V_E, v_0)\\) with \\((\\mathrm{id}_Y\\times \\varphi)^*(\\mathcal E_E)\\simeq \\mathcal F\\) and uniquely defined tangent map \\(T_{t_0}T\\rightarrow T_{v_0}V_{E}=\\mathrm{Ext}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E, E)\\).  It is well known that \\(V_E\\) can be non-reduced. When \\(T\\) is reduced one has a factorization of \\(\\varphi\\) through the reduced germ \\(V_{E, \\mathrm{red}}\\) associated to \\(V_E\\): \\[ \\varphi\\colon T \\rightarrow V_{E, \\mathrm{red}} \\hookrightarrow V_E. \\] The paper under review aims to partially answer the following questions: (i) describe \\(T_{v_0} V_{E, \\mathrm{red}}\\subset \\mathrm{Ext}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E, E)\\); (ii) understand when one can factorize \\(\\varphi\\) through \\(V_{E, \\mathrm{red}}\\) (for non-reduced \\(T\\)); (iii) explain why \\(V_E\\) can be non-reduced.  Let \\(\\mathcal J_C\\) be the ideal sheaf of \\(C\\) in \\(Y\\). Let \\(n\\) be the multiplicity of \\(Y\\). There is a filtration \\(C=C_1\\subset \\dots \\subset C_n=Y\\), where \\(C_i\\) is defined by \\(\\mathcal J_C^i\\). A coherent sheaf \\(\\mathcal E\\) on \\(Y\\) is called quasi locally free if there are integers \\(m_1,\\dots, m_n\\) such that \\(\\mathcal E\\) is locally isomorphic to \\(\\bigoplus_{i=1}^{n}\\mathcal O_{C_i} \\otimes \\mathbb C^{m_i}\\). The tuple \\((m_1,\\dots, m_n)\\) is called the type of \\(\\mathcal E\\).  Let \\(\\mathbb E\\) be a flat family of quasi locally free sheaves on \\(Y\\) of type \\((m_1,\\dots, m_n)\\) parameterized by a connected algebraic variety \\(X\\). Denote \\(\\mathbb E_i=\\mathcal J_{C}^i \\mathbb E\\). The family \\(\\mathbb E\\) is called a good family if \\(\\mathbb E_i/\\mathbb E_{i+1}\\) is locally free on \\(X\\times C\\) for all \\(0\\le i \\le n\\).  The first main result of the paper, Theorem~3.2.1 says that (1) \\(\\mathbb E\\) is a good family if and only if it is locally isomorphic to \\(\\bigoplus_{i=1}^{n}\\mathcal O_{X\\times C_i} \\otimes \\mathbb C^{m_i}\\) and (2) if \\(\\mathbb E\\) is a good family on \\(X\\times Y\\), then for every \\(x\\in X\\) the image of the Kodaira-Spencer morphism \\(\\omega_x(\\mathbb E)\\colon T X_x\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ext}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(\\mathbb E_x, \\mathbb E_x)\\) of \\(\\mathbb E\\) is contained in \\(H^1(\\mathcal End(\\mathbb E_x))\\).  The second main result, Theorem~5.2.1, could be outlined as follows.  Let \\(Y\\) be a ribbon, i.e., \\(n=2\\). Consider quasi-locally free sheaves of rigid type on \\(Y\\), i.e., those locally isomporphic to \\(r\\mathcal O_Y\\oplus \\mathcal O_C\\) for some \\(r\\). In this case \\(T_{v_0} V_{E, \\mathrm{red}} = H^1(\\mathcal End(\\mathbb E_x))\\) and the first main result mentioned above gives an answer to (i).  Let \\(L=\\mathcal J_C\\) be the ideal sheaf of \\(C\\) in \\(Y\\). It is a line bundle on \\(C\\). It is shown that \\(H^0(L^*)\\) measures the non-reducedness of \\(V_E\\): \\[ T_{v_0} V_{E}/T_{v_0} V_{E, \\mathrm{red}}\\simeq H^0(\\mathcal E\\mathit{xt}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E, E)) \\simeq H^0(L^*). \\]  The author considers a maximal reducible deformation of \\(Y\\) studied in [Cent. Eur. J. Math. 11, No. 12, 2106--2137 (2013; Zbl 1309.14023)], [Manuscr. Math. 148, No. 3-4, 447-469 (2015; Zbl 1331.14047)], [Int. J. Math. 28, No. 12, Article ID 1750086, 65 p. (2017; Zbl 1375.14048)], i.e., a flat morphism \\(\\pi\\colon \\mathcal C\\rightarrow S\\), \\(P\\in S\\), such that \\begin{itemize} \\item \\(S\\) is a smooth curve with \\(C_P\\simeq Y\\); \\item \\(\\mathcal C\\) is a reduced algebraic variety with two irreducible components \\(\\mathcal C_1\\) and \\(\\mathcal C_2\\); \\item the restrictions \\(\\pi_i\\), \\(i=1,2\\), of \\(\\pi\\) to \\(\\mathcal C_i\\) are flat deformations of \\(C\\) to smooth irreducible curves, \\(\\pi^{-1}(P)=C\\); \\item for every \\(s\\in S\\setminus \\{P\\}\\) the components \\(\\mathcal C_{1, s}\\) and \\(\\mathcal C_{2, s}\\) meet transversally. \\end{itemize} Such a maximal reducible deformation exists if \\(L\\) is defined by a divisor without multiple points, i.e., \\(L\\simeq \\mathcal O_{C}(-P_1-\\dots -P_k)\\), \\(P_i\\in C\\). The canonical section of \\(L^*\\simeq \\mathcal O_{C}(P_1+\\dots +P_k)\\) defines a one-dimensional subspace \\[ \\Delta_{\\mathcal C}\\subset H^0(L^*)\\simeq T_{v_0} V_{E}/T_{v_0} V_{E, \\mathrm{red}} \\] and thus a parameter responsible for a non-reducedness of \\(V_E\\).  The author relates this parameter to the deformations of \\(E\\) by considering pairs of sheaves \\(\\mathcal E_1\\), \\(\\mathcal E_2\\) on \\(\\mathcal C\\) with \\(\\mathcal E_{1, P}=\\mathcal E_{2, P}=E\\) and constructing for such a pair the associated Kodaira-Spencer element \\(\\omega_{\\mathcal E_1, \\mathcal E_2} \\in \\mathrm{Ext}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E,E)\\), which turns out to allways land in \\(\\Delta_{\\mathcal C}\\) under the canonical morphism \\[ \\varphi\\colon\\mathrm{Ext}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E, E) \\rightarrow H^0(\\mathcal E\\mathit{xt}^1_{\\mathcal O_Y}(E, E)) \\simeq H^0(L^*). \\] There are basically only two different cases for the choice of the pair \\(\\mathcal E_1\\), \\(\\mathcal E_2\\). The first one with \\(\\mathcal E_1\\) and \\(\\mathcal E_2\\) having different ranks (\\(r\\) and \\(r+1\\)) on the components of \\(\\mathcal C\\), the second one with the same ranks along the components. Only the first choice yields \\(\\varphi(\\omega_{\\mathcal E_1, \\mathcal E_2})\\neq 0\\) and, therefore, is responsible for a non-reducedness of \\(V_E\\) and gives a partial answer to (iii). For the choice with the same ranks one gets \\(\\varphi(\\omega_{\\mathcal E_1, \\mathcal E_2}) = 0\\), which implies the existence of a factorization from (ii) for the corresponding deformation of \\(E\\).  The paper under review consists of five sections. Section~1 is an introduction, the main results of the paper are outlined here. Section~2 provides some basics on primitive multiple curves, quasi locally free sheaves, and Kodaira-Spencer elements. Section~3 is devoted to the study of quasi locally free sheaves of rigid type, the first main result of the paper, Theorem~3.2.1 is proven here. Section~4 is a reminder on maximal reducible deformations of ribbons that is used in the final Section~5, where the second main result, Theorem~5.2.1, is 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