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A supercharacter theory on a finite group \\(G\\) is a pair \\(\\mathsf{S}= (\\mathcal{X},\\mathcal{K})\\), where \\(\\mathcal{X}\\) is a partition of the set  of irreducible characters of \\(G\\), and \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) is a partition of the group \\(G\\), such that \\(\\vert\\mathcal{X}\\vert=\\vert\\mathcal{K}\\vert\\), and such that for every part \\(X\\in \\mathcal{X}\\), the basic \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-character \\(\\sigma_X= \\sum_{\\chi\\in X} \\chi(1)\\chi \\) is constant on every member of \\(\\mathcal{K}\\). The members of \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) are called \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-classes, and are unions of conjugacy classes of \\(G\\). The ordinary character theory of \\(G\\) is a trivial example of a supercharacter theory, where every member of \\(\\mathcal{X}\\) is a singleton, and every member of \\(\\mathcal{K}\\) is a conjugacy class of \\(G\\).  The author studies \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-analogues of the center, the commutator subgroup, and the upper and lower central series of a group,  and finally \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-nilpotence. When \\(\\mathsf{S}\\) is the ordinary character theory, these concepts reduce to the corresponding concepts from group theory. For example, the \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-center of \\(G\\) is defined to be the set of all elements \\(g\\in G\\) such that \\(\\{g\\}\\) is an \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-class. When \\(\\mathsf{S}\\) is the ordinary character theory, this is just the center of \\(G\\) in the usual sense.  One of the main results of the paper is that when a group is \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-nilpotent, then \\(\\sigma(1)\\) divides \\(\\vert G:\\ker \\sigma\\vert\\) for each basic \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-character \\(\\sigma\\), and \\(\\vert K\\vert\\) divides \\(\\vert G\\vert\\) for each \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-class \\(K\\). For \\(p\\)-groups, a converse is shown to hold. (A \\(p\\)-group may or may not be \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-nilpotent with respect to a given supercharacter theory \\(\\mathsf{S}\\).) The author also applies his results to the particular supercharacter theory on algebra groups that was defined by \\textit{P. Diaconis} and \\textit{I. M. Isaacs} [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 360, No. 5, 2359--2392 (2008; Zbl 1137.20008)].  Reviewer's remark: There is also a concept of nilpotence for based rings defined by \\textit{S. Gelaki} and \\textit{D. Nikshych} [Adv. Math. 217, No. 3, 1053--1071 (2008; Zbl 1168.18004)]. The based ring of characters constant on \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-classes, as well as the based ring generated by the \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-class sums, is nilpotent in the sense of Gelaki and Nikshych [loc. cit.] if and only if \\(G\\) is \\(\\mathsf{S}\\)-nilpotent in the sense of the paper under 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