{"entities":{"Q2217238":{"pageid":2227981,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2217238","lastrevid":43702245,"modified":"2025-11-07T08:26:27Z","type":"item","id":"Q2217238","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"P-filters and Cohen, random, and Laver forcing"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7289012"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$3AD0A94D-63BB-4F0F-B216-93320CD53340","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"65b5ce8d0b1323516ff15851336f5111eb9501f1","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"P-filters and Cohen, random, and Laver forcing","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$D27555F1-1D2C-4A29-9C6E-281CC862F664","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"5fe4339497fac34f1ad61bd0a0e7637ea76dbb8f","datavalue":{"value":"1458.54016","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$E061DF51-6F9A-4F53-8BCF-87E925DE5654","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"10f2f3d3c359182432f48c97dfafd04af7c2d1e8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":169647,"id":"Q169647"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$345CDE7A-F7B2-47BC-99E2-5D0AD6B6DDA4","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"caed9871dffabe010c529575fe8b7c33d0847d94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161372,"id":"Q161372"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$E86DF8BA-1FD2-40CD-B6E9-4BBC7B6DB7FC","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"b761dbc0f27b7acb1c0d6c120b287f4abf7e4ea0","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2217238$6176AF37-4EFE-462D-8616-28D410C74418","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"dbf2d1ec4f383412295fdd65350c5fdd0cf8b7ac","datavalue":{"value":"A subset \\(A\\) of a topological space \\(X\\) is called a P-set in \\(X\\) if, for every \\(G_{\\delta}\\)-set \\(H\\) in \\(X\\) such that \\(A\\subseteq H\\), the set \\(A\\) is contained in the interior of \\(H\\). A point \\(x\\) of a topological space \\(X\\) is called a P-point of \\(X\\) if the singleton \\(\\{x\\}\\) is a P-set. The symbol \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) denotes the remainder of the \u010cech-Stone compactification \\(\\beta\\omega\\) of the countable discrete space \\(\\omega\\). It is known that ZFC+CH implies that \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) cannot be covered by nowhere dense P-sets. It is also known that, in some models of ZFC, \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) can be covered by nowhere dense P-sets. To shed more light on the problem of when \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) can be covered by nowhere dense P-sets, the author uses the following concept of a P-filter. For sets \\(a,b\\), it is said that \\(a\\) is almost included in \\(b\\) if \\(a\\setminus b\\) is finite. A set \\(a\\) is a pseudointersection of a family \\(\\mathcal{A}\\) if \\(a\\) is infinite and almost included in every member of \\(\\mathcal{A}\\). A filter (base) \\(\\mathcal{F}\\) on \\(\\omega\\) is called a P-filter (base) on \\(\\omega\\) if every non-empty countable subfamily of \\(\\mathcal{F}\\) has a pseudointersection which belongs to \\(\\mathcal{F}\\). A filter is called nowhere dense if it is a free filter which has no pseudointersection. A useful fact is that the statement that \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) can be covered by nowhere dense P-sets is the Stone dual of the statement that every ultrafilter on \\(\\omega\\) has a nowhere dense P-subfilter. In this article, the author answers several interesting questions about P-filters in the Cohen, random, and Laver forcing extensions of models of CH. In what follows, it is assumed that the ground model of ZFC satisfies CH. Concerning P-points of \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\), it is known that if \\(\\aleph_1\\)-many Cohen reals are added to the ground model, then P-points of \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) exist in all random real forcing extensions of the model. It is unknown if P-points of \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) exist in all models obtained by adding more than \\(\\aleph_1\\)-many random reals to the ground model. The author proves that if the ground model satisfies also \\(\\square_{\\omega_1}\\), then \\(P\\)-points of \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) exist in the extensions obtained by adding \\(\\aleph_2\\)-many random reals. Answering a question posed in [\\textit{P. Nyikos}, Arch. Math. Logic 59, No. 7--8, 1009--1026 (2020; Zbl 1461.03048)], the author proves that, in the standard Laver extension of the ground model, every ultrafilter on \\(\\omega\\) has a nowhere dense P-subfilter, so, in Laver's model, \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) can be covered by nowhere dense P-sets. However, if the ground model satisfies \\(\\square_{\\omega_1}\\)and \\(\\aleph_2\\)-many Cohen reals are added to it, then \\(\\omega^{\\ast}\\) cannot be covered by nowhere dense P-sets in the extension. Furthermore, the author solves another problem posed by P. Nyikos. The problem concerns scales in \\(\\omega^{\\omega}\\) and pre-orders on \\(\\omega^{\\omega}\\) determined by ultrafilters on \\(\\omega\\). Namely, if \\(\\mathcal{U}\\) is an ultrafilter on \\(\\omega\\), then the pre-order \\(<_{\\mathcal{U}}\\) on \\(\\omega^{\\omega}\\) is defined as follows: for all \\(f,g\\in\\omega^{\\omega}\\), \\(f<_{\\mathcal{U}}g\\) if and only if \\(\\{n\\in\\omega: f(n)