{"entities":{"Q2229967":{"pageid":2240710,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2229967","lastrevid":57792429,"modified":"2026-04-02T13:30:53Z","type":"item","id":"Q2229967","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Characterizations of modalities and lex modalities"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7396429"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$DA864C23-6D63-46B8-957A-B187826C44EC","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"3f2787316a57bb71e4e04370b794b4e8c631393f","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Characterizations of modalities and lex modalities","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$85E1673E-1EF3-4576-83CE-9E308B9D42EE","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"a766c8a322785c1f9e87655522727db142fc7ec9","datavalue":{"value":"1482.18015","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$ECE8101E-4C7C-4C6A-87AE-AF8BB14278E4","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"120a349f7bc2e17c40b43ed20bc0ddf4241cdd3d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":230745,"id":"Q230745"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$95C671D0-F0C3-4A49-8A49-B768F57D9C70","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"1f0df7e8ab50acf71103a626013759dc1694180c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2229966,"id":"Q2229966"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$C06A0C5D-653B-4BB5-9019-CBAE3A0B714C","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"34a2791b3d9645796ba9cdff19dd05bcf40f0161","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168348,"id":"Q168348"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$FEA2AEDF-F57C-4383-9099-4E48C6439743","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"55e71075836c24553bd3a25792e8730d6fcfe234","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$B3397F6D-2D8A-40B4-ABEB-D5565170777A","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"280cb2968ed86749e0ec7ccb5f2b99ac47dcfa67","datavalue":{"value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03538","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2229967$4A7FEA96-F6D7-4322-A2A5-EECCC49B005A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"50c35c1f40d63bc88579bbcf564343abb06624fd","datavalue":{"value":"\\textit{Homotopy type theory} [\\textit{The Univalent Foundations Program}, Homotopy type theory. Univalent foundations of mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Institute for Advanced Study; Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press (2013; Zbl 1298.03002)] is a formal system which has models in all \\(\\infty\\)-toposes [\\textit{K. Kapulkin} and \\textit{P. L. Lumsdaine}, Adv. Math. 337, 1--38 (2018; Zbl 1397.18015); \\textit{P. L. Lumsdaine} and \\textit{M. Shulman}, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 169, No. 1, 159--208 (2020; Zbl 1470.18007); \\textit{M. Shulman}, ``All $(\\infty,1)$-toposes have strict univalent universes'', Preprint, \\url{arXiv:1904.07004}]. The notion of a \\textit{reflective universe} in homotopy type theory simultaneously encodes the idea of localization of an \\(\\infty\\)-topos and common modalities studied in logic [\\textit{D. Corfield}, Modal homotopy type theory. The prospect of a new logic for philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2020; Zbl 1436.00033)]. All of the results in this paper are stated and established within the framework of homotopy type theory, so that similar results hold in any \\(\\infty\\)-topos.  A universe \\(\\mathcal{U}\\) is fixed. A reflective subuniverse \\(L\\) consists of a subuniverse \\[ \\text{is-local}_{L}:\\mathcal{U}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{Prop} \\] a function \\[ L:\\mathcal{U}\\rightarrow\\mathcal{U} \\] and a \\textit{localization} (called the \\textit{unit} map) \\[ \\eta_{X}:X\\rightarrow LX \\] for each \\(X:\\mathcal{U}\\). The operation is functorial in the sense that, for any map \\(f:X\\rightarrow Y\\), there is a unique map \\(L_f:LX\\rightarrow LY\\) making the square (called the \\(L\\)\\textit{-naturality square}) \\[  \\begin{array} [c]{ccc}  X & \\overset{\\eta}{\\rightarrow} & LX\\\\  {}_{f}\\downarrow & & \\downarrow{}_{L_f}\\\\  Y & \\underset{\\eta}{\\rightarrow} & LY  \\end{array}  \\] commutative. A map \\(f\\) is said to be \\begin{itemize} \\item \\(L\\)\\textit{-local} if its fibers are \\(L\\)-local, \\item \\(L\\)\\textit{-\u00e9tale} if its \\(L\\)-naturality square is a pullback square, \\item \\(L\\)\\textit{-connected} if it fibers are \\(L\\)-connected, and \\item an \\(L\\)\\textit{-equivalence} if \\(L_f\\) is an equivalence. \\end{itemize}  A reflective subuniverse is called a \\textit{modality} if for any family \\(P\\) of \\(L\\)-local types over an \\(L\\)-local type \\(X\\), the dependent sum \\[ \\sum\\nolimits_{(x:X)}P(x) \\] is again \\(L\\)-local, that is to say, if the \\(L\\)-local types are \\(\\sum\\)-closed. A reflective subuniverse \\(L\\) is said to be \\textit{left exact} or \\textit{lex} for short if the operation \\(L\\) preserves pullbacks.  A \\textit{class of maps} means a subtype \\[ \\sum\\nolimits_{(x:X:\\mathcal{U})}Y^{X} \\] defined by a predicate valued in \\(\\mathrm{Prop}\\). A class of maps \\(\\mathcal{L}\\) is said to be \\textit{left orthogoanl} to a class of maps \\(\\mathcal{R}\\), and \\(\\mathcal{R}\\) is said to be \\textit{right orthogonal} to \\(\\mathcal{L}\\) if, for every \\(f:A\\rightarrow B\\) in \\(\\mathcal{L}\\) and for every \\(g:X\\rightarrow Y\\) in \\(\\mathcal{R}\\), the square \\[  \\begin{array} [c]{ccc}  X^{B} & \\overset{f^{\\ast}}{\\rightarrow} & X^{A}\\\\ {}_{g_{\\ast}}\\downarrow & & \\downarrow{}_{g_{\\ast}}\\\\  Y^{B} & \\underset{f^{+}}{\\rightarrow} & Y^{A}  \\end{array}  \\] is a pullback. For any class of maps \\(\\mathcal{M}\\), \\(\\mathcal{M}^{\\bot}\\) denotes the class of maps that are right orthogonal to \\(\\mathcal{M}\\), while \\(^{\\bot}\\mathcal{M}\\) denotes the class of maps that are left orthogonal to \\(\\mathcal{M}\\).  An \\textit{orthogonal factorization system} on \\(\\mathcal{U}\\) is a pair \\((\\mathcal{L},\\mathcal{R})\\) of classes of maps in \\(\\mathcal{U}\\) such that \\(\\mathcal{L}=^{\\bot}\\mathcal{R}\\), \\(\\mathcal{R}=\\mathcal{L}^{\\bot }\\), and every map \\(h:X\\rightarrow Y\\) factors as a left map followed by a right map. Every modality gives rise to two orthogonal factorization systems. \\begin{itemize} \\item The \\textit{stable factorization system} in which the left class \\(\\mathcal{L}\\) consists of the \\(L\\)-connected maps, and the right class \\(\\mathcal{R}\\) consists of the \\(L\\)-local maps \\item The \\textit{reflective factorization system} in which the left class \\(\\mathcal{L}\\) consists of the \\(L\\)-equivalences, and the right class \\(\\mathcal{R}\\) consists of the \\(L\\)-\u00e9tale maps \\end{itemize}  However, both of these pairs of classes of maps fail to be orthogonal factorization systems in the more general case of a reflective subunivers. This paper addresses a thorough understanding of how these four classes of maps relate.  A type \\(X\\) is said to be \\(L\\)\\textit{-separated} if its identity types are \\(L\\)-local. It was shown in [\\textit{J. D. Christensen} et al., High. Struct. 4, No. 1, 1--32 (2020; Zbl 1439.18023)] that the subuniverse of \\(L\\)-separated types is again a reflective subuniverse, which is denoted by \\(L^{^{\\prime}}\\). A reflective subuniverse is said to be \\textit{accessible} if it can be presented as the subuniverse of \\(f\\)-local types, for a family of maps \\(\\left\\{ f_{i}:A_{i}\\rightarrow B_{i}\\right\\}\\) in \\(\\mathcal{U}\\), indexed by a type \\(I\\) in \\(\\mathcal{U}\\), where a type is said to be \\(f\\)\\textit{-local} if the precomposition map \\[ f_{i}^{\\ast}:(B_{i}\\rightarrow X)\\rightarrow(A_{i}\\rightarrow X) \\] is an equivalence for each \\(i:I\\). For any family of maps \\(f\\) in \\(\\mathcal{U}\\), the subuniverse of \\(f\\)-local types is a reflective subuniverse, which is a modality provided that each \\(B_{i}\\) is contractible, in which the modal operator \\(X\\mapsto LX\\) is called \\textit{nullification}.  The principal result is the following omnibus theorem.  Theorem. In the following diagram \\[\\begin{aligned} & \\begin{array} [c]{ccccccccc} & & & & & & & & ^{\\bot}\\left\\{ L^{\\prime}\\text{-\u00e9tale maps}\\right\\} \\\\ & & & & & & & & \\downarrow_{i_{6}}\\\\ ^{\\bot}\\left\\{ L\\text{-\u00e9tale maps}\\right\\} & \\overset{i_{1}}{=} & \\left\\{ L\\text{-equivalences}\\right\\} & \\overset{i_{2}}{\\leftarrow} & ^{\\bot}(\\left\\{ f_{i}\\right\\} ^{\\bot})& \\overset{i_{3}}{\\leftarrow} & ^{\\bot}(\\left\\{ \\eta_{X}\\right\\} ^{\\bot})& \\overset{i_{4}}{\\leftarrow} & ^{\\bot}\\left\\{ L\\text{-local maps}\\right\\} \\\\ \\left\\{ L\\text{-\u00e9tale maps}\\right\\} & \\underset{j_{1}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ L\\text{-equivalences}\\right\\} ^{\\bot} & \\underset{j_{2}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ f_{i}\\right\\} ^{\\bot} & \\underset{j_{3}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ \\eta_{X}\\right\\} ^{\\bot} & \\underset{j_{4}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ L\\text{-connected maps}\\right\\} ^{\\bot}\\\\ & & & & & & & & \\underset{\\downarrow}{\\overset{}{\\vdots}}_{j_{6}}\\\\ & & & & & & & & \\left\\{ L^{\\prime}\\text{-\u00e9tale maps}\\right\\} \\end{array} \\\\ & \\begin{array} [c]{ccc} \\overset{i_{8}}{=} & \\left\\{ L^{\\prime}\\text{-equivalences}\\right\\} & \\cdots\\\\ & \\downarrow_{i_{7}} & \\\\ \\overset{i_{5}}{=} & \\left\\{ L\\text{-connected maps}\\right\\} & \\\\ \\underset{j_{5}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ L\\text{-connected maps}\\right\\}^{\\bot} & \\\\ & \\downarrow_{j_{7}} & \\\\ \\underset{j_{8}}{\\rightarrow} & \\left\\{ L^{\\prime}\\text{-equivalences}\\right\\} ^{\\bot} & \\cdots \\end{array} \\end{aligned} \\] where \\begin{itemize} \\item the arrows should be interpreted as implications between propositions; \\item the column concerning the family of maps \\(\\left\\{ f_{i}\\right\\}\\) only applies if the reflective subuniverse is presented by \\(\\left\\{ f_{i}\\right\\}\\), the composites \\(i_{2}\\circ i_{3}\\) and \\(j_{3}\\circ j_{2}\\) apply in general; \\item the diagram continues infinitely to the right, with \\(L\\) replaced by \\(L^{\\prime}\\), the family \\(\\left\\{ f_{i}\\right\\}\\) replaced by the family \\(\\left\\{ \\sum f_{i}\\right\\}\\) of suspensions, and the subscripts increased by \\(7\\) in each subsequent row; \\item every arrow is an inclusion.  \\end{itemize}  We have the following eight statements. \\begin{itemize} \\item[1.] The equalities \\(i_{1+7n}\\) and \\(i_{5+7n}\\) hold, so that each class on the upper is obtained from its mirror image class on the lower by applying \\(^{\\bot}(-)\\). \\item[2.] All of the inclusions, except possibly the inclusion \\(j_{6+7n}\\) hold. \\item[3.] The following are equivalent: \\begin{itemize}  \\item[(i)] \\(L^{\\prime}\\) is a modality.  \\item[(ii)] The inclusion \\(j_{8}\\) is an equility.  \\item[(iii)] The inclusion \\(j_{6}\\) exists. \\end{itemize}  \\item[4.] The following are equivalent: \\begin{itemize}  \\item[(i)] \\(L\\) is a modality.  \\item[(ii)] The inclusion \\(i_{4}\\) is an equility.  \\item[(iii)] The inclusion \\(j_{4}\\) is an equility.  \\item[(iv)] The inclusion \\(j_{5}\\) is an equility. \\end{itemize} Also, when \\(L\\) is a lex modality, \\(j_{1}\\) is an equality and the equivalent conditions in 7 hold. If, in addition, \\(L\\) is presented as a nullification, then \\(i_{3}\\) and \\(j_{3}\\) are equalities.  \\item[5.] The following are equivalent: \\begin{itemize}  \\item[(i)] \\(L\\) is a lex modality.  \\item[(ii)] \\(L\\) is a lex reflective subuniverse.  \\item[(iii)] All of the displayed horizontal inclusions are equalities.  \\item[(iv)] The inclusion \\(j_{4}\\circ\\cdots\\circ j_{1}\\) is an equality.  \\item[(v)] The inclusion \\(j_{4}\\circ j_{3}\\circ j_{2}\\) is an equality.  \\item[(vi)] The inclusion \\(i_{4}\\circ i_{3}\\circ i_{2}\\) is an equality \\end{itemize} Also, when \\(L\\) is a lex modality, the equivalent conditions in 8 hold.  \\item[6.] The following are equivalent: \\begin{itemize}  \\item[(i)] \\(L=L^{\\prime}\\).  \\item[(ii)] All of the inclusions are equalities, including those not displayed.  \\item[(iii)] Every \\(L^{\\prime}\\)-\u00e9tale map is \\(L\\)-local.  \\item[(iv)] \\(L\\) is cotopological.  \\item[(v)] \\(L\\) is lex and every unit \\(\\eta\\) is surjective.  \\item[(vi)] \\(L\\) is lex and every mere propositio is \\(L\\)-local. \\end{itemize} Also, when \\(L=L^{\\prime}\\), the equivalent conditions in 9 hold.  \\item[7.] For each of the inclusions not drawn as equalities, including \\(j_{6}\\) and those not displayed, there exists an accessible reflective subuniverse \\(L\\) making the inclusion strict. \\item[8.] In general, neither of \\(\\left\\{ L\\text{-connected maps}\\right\\} ^{\\bot}\\) and \\(\\left\\{ L^{\\prime}\\text{-\u00e9tale maps}\\right\\}\\) is included in the other. \\end{itemize}  This paper is largely devoted to the proof of the above theorem. The \\(n\\)-truncation modality is addressed in \\S 2, \\S 4, \\S 5 and \\S 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