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However, there remains room for improvements. For this, this study presents an improved nonhomogeneous grey model by incorporating the dynamic integral mean value theorem and fractional accumulation simultaneously. In order to promote the efficacy of the optimised model, we apply the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to ascertain its optimal parameter. In particular, two examples are conducted to validate the superiority of the proposed model in contrast with other benchmarks, and the experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the proposed approach is 808692\\% and 6.0706\\%, respectively, indicating the proposed approach performs better than other competing 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