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Formally, the critical points of the functional   \\[ I(u) = \\int_\\Omega \\left[ \\frac12 \\sum_{i,j=1}^n (a_{ij}(x)u_{x_i})_{x_j} + c(x)u^2 - P(x,u(x))\\right] \\,dx, \\]   where \\(P(x,u)\\) is a primitive of \\(p(x,u)\\), are solutions of (*). The authors construct dual variational methods to enable them to prove the existence and estimate the number of critical points possessed by a real continuously differentiable functional on a real Banach space, and then apply their results to various existence problems for equations of type (*). They also apply them to problems with linear term added, i.e.   \\[ L(u) = a(x)u + p(x,u),\\quad x\\in\\Omega;\\ u=0,\\ x \\in\\partial\\Omega, \\]   as well as to nonlinear integral equations of the form   \\[ v(x) = \\int_\\Omega g(x,y)q(y,v(y))\\,dy. 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