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As in the class field theory of number fields, the primary goal for schemes is to obtain a description of \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) solely in terms of X itself, via some kind of ''reciprocity'' map. When R is a finite field, Lang in 1956, defined a reciprocity map from \\(Z_ 0(X)\\), the free abelian group on the closed points, and showed that for normal X the map had a dense image. Subsequent work led to the study of \\(CH_ 0(X)\\), the 0- dimensional Chow group of X, which for smooth projective varieties over a field is \\(Z_ 0(X)\\) modulo rational equivalence, and which in general can be defined using algebraic K-theory. It turns out that for X proper over \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\), there is a reciprocity map from \\(CH_ 0(X)\\) to the quotient \\({\\tilde \\pi}{}_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) of \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) which classifies the unramified abelian covers that split completely over any real valued point of X. (For schemes over finite fields, this quotient is just \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X).)\\)    The main part of the current paper studies arithmetical surfaces, that is, proper smooth surfaces over finite fields, or connected regular surfaces which are proper and flat over \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\). For surfaces over finite fields, the degree map exhibits \\(CH_ 0(X)\\) as an extension of \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\) by \\(CH_ 0(X)^ 0\\), the subgroup of degree 0 cycle classes. Correspondingly, there is a map from \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) onto \\({\\hat {\\mathbb{Z}}}\\), the Galois group of the algebraic closure of the ground field. Call \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)^ 0\\) the kernel of this map. In 1981 \\textit{N. Katz} and \\textit{S. Lang} [Enseign. Math., II. S\u00e9r. 27, 285-319 (1981; Zbl 0495.14011)] showed that \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)^ 0\\) is finite, while work of Bloch and Milne established the finiteness of \\(CH_ 0(X)^ 0\\). Milne further established the p-primary injectivity of the reciprocity map \\(CH_ 0(X)\\to \\pi_ 1^{ab}(X),\\) assuming a certain condition on X. In this paper the authors show that for any smooth projective geometrically irreducible scheme over a finite field, the reciprocity map is always injective, and induces an isomorphism of the finite groups \\(CH_ 0(X)^ 0\\) and \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)^ 0\\) so that, roughly speaking, \\(\\pi_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) is obtained from \\(CH_ 0(X)\\) by replacing \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\) by \\({\\hat {\\mathbb{Z}}}\\). According to the authors, they had originally obtained these results for surfaces, and an elegant induction argument of Colliot-Th\u00e9l\u00e8ne established the general case.    For X a regular connected surface proper and flat over \\({\\mathbb{Z}}\\), the main result established in this paper is that the reciprocity map \\(CH_ 0(X)\\to {\\tilde \\pi}_ 1^{ab}(X)\\) is an isomorphism of finite abelian groups. Earlier, Bloch had proved this result in the case X is smooth over the ring of integers in a number field. To establish the unramified class field theory of arithmetical surfaces X in general, the authors concentrate on a fibration \\(X\\to C\\), where C is a one dimensional scheme, and where the fibration may have singular fibres. In essence, the authors are able to improve on the earlier results of Bloch and Milne because they have a technique for treating the class field theory of a singular curve over a local 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