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They manage to calculate these virtual cycles via the Thom-Porteous formula. The authors then give various applications of these results to punctual Hilbert schemes of \\textit{nested} subschemes of a fixed projective surface \\(S\\), and discuss some implications for local Donaldson-Thomas theory.  More precisely, let \\(E_{\\bullet} = \\{E_0 \\overset{\\sigma}{\\rightarrow} E_1 \\}\\) be a two-term complex of vector bundles on a smooth ambient space \\(A\\), let \\(n = \\operatorname{dim} A\\), and let \\(r_i = \\operatorname{rank}(E_i)\\). The \\(r\\)-th degeneracy locus is defined set-theoretically as \\[Z_r = \\bigl\\{ x \\in A \\,\\colon\\, \\operatorname{rank}(\\sigma|_x) \\leq r \\bigr\\}.\\] It is equipped with the scheme structure defined by the vanishing of the \\((r+1) \\times (r+1)\\)-minors of \\(\\sigma\\), i.e., by the vanishing of \\(\\Lambda^{r+1}\\sigma \\colon \\Lambda^{r+1}E_0 \\to \\Lambda^{r+1}E_1\\). In this paper, the authors restrict their attention to the smallest \\(r\\) for which \\(Z = Z_r\\) is non-empty; the general case is treated in the sequel [\\textit{A. Gholampour} and \\textit{R. P. Thomas}, Compos. Math. 156, No. 8, 1623--1663 (2020; Zbl 1454.14028)]. Their first main result, Theorem 3.6, yields a perfect obstruction theory on \\(Z\\) and provides an expression for its associated virtual cycle \\(\\iota_*[Z]^{\\textrm{vir}}\\) where \\(\\iota \\colon Z \\hookrightarrow A\\) is the embedding.  Let \\(S\\) be a fixed projective surface, let \\(n_1,n_2\\) be non-negative integers, and let \\(S^{[n_i]}\\) denote the Hilbert scheme of zero-dimensional length \\(n_i\\) closed subschemes of \\(S\\). The easiest case is the 2-step nested punctual Hilbert scheme,  \\[S^{[n_1,n_2]} = \\bigl\\{ I_1 \\subseteq I_2 \\subseteq \\mathcal{O}_S \\,\\colon\\, \\operatorname{length}(\\mathcal{O}_S / I_i) = n_i \\bigr\\}.\\] It lies in the ambient space \\(S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]}\\) as the locus of points \\((I_1,I_2)\\) for which there is exists a non-zero map \\(\\mathrm{Hom}_S(I_1,I_2) \\neq 0\\). Let \\(\\pi \\colon S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]} \\times S \\to S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]}\\) be the natural projection, let \\(\\mathcal{Z}_1, \\mathcal{Z}_2\\) denote the universal closed subschemes, and let \\(\\mathcal{I}_1, \\mathcal{I}_2\\) denote the corresponding universal ideal sheaves. Then \\(S^{[n_1,n_2]}\\) arises as the degeneracy locus of the complex of vector bundles \\[R\\mathcal{H}om_{\\pi}(\\mathcal{I}_1,\\mathcal{I}_2) = R\\pi_{*}R\\mathcal{H}om(\\mathcal{I}_1,\\mathcal{I}_2)\\] over \\(S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]}\\).  The second main result, Theorem 6.3, states that for any smooth projective surface \\(S\\), the \\(2\\)-step nested Hilbert scheme \\(S^{[n_1,n_2]}\\) carries a natural perfect obstruction theory and virtual cycle \\[\\bigl[ S^{[n_1,n_2]} \\bigr]^{\\textrm{vir}} \\in A_{n_1+n_2}\\bigl( S^{[n_1,n_2]} \\bigr)\\] whose push-forward to \\(S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[,n_2]}\\) equals \\(c_{n_1+n_2}\\bigl( R\\mathcal{H}om_{\\pi}(\\mathcal{I}_1,\\mathcal{I}_2[1] \\bigr)\\)  Since Theorem 6.3 expresses \\([S^{[n_1,n_2]}]^{\\text{vir}}\\) as a degeneracy locus, the authors are able to use the splitting principle from topology to give a proof of the following vanishing result of Carlsson and Okounkov [\\textit{E. Carlsson} and \\textit{A. Okounkov}, Duke Math. J. 161, No. 9, 1797--1815 (2012; Zbl 1256.14010)]: For any smooth projective surface \\(S\\) we have the vanishing \\[c_{n_1+n_2+i}\\bigl( R\\mathcal{H}om_{\\pi}(\\mathcal{I}_1,\\mathcal{I}_2[1]\\bigr) = 0, \\qquad i >0, \\] over \\(S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]}\\). The methods in this work allow the authors to generalise this result in Theorem 8.3, yielding the vanishing \\[c_{n_1+n_2+i}\\bigl( R\\pi_{*}\\mathcal{L} - R\\mathcal{H}om_{\\pi}(\\mathcal{I}_1,\\mathcal{I}_2 \\otimes \\mathcal{L}) \\bigr) = 0, \\qquad i >0, \\] over \\(S^{[n_1]} \\times S^{[n_2]} \\times \\operatorname{Pic}_{\\beta}(S)\\). Here \\(\\beta \\in H_2(S,\\mathbb{Z})\\) is a curve class and \\(\\mathcal{L} \\to S \\times \\operatorname{Pic}_{\\beta}(S)\\) is a Poincar\u00e9 line bundle. The proof relies on a more general notion of nested Hilbert scheme, denoted \\(S_{\\beta}^{[n_1,n_2]}\\) of subschemes \\(S \\supset Z_1 \\supseteq Z_2\\) where \\(Z_1\\) is allowed to be of dimension \\(\\leq 1\\). In the sequel to this paper [\\textit{A. Gholampour} and \\textit{R. P. Thomas}, Compos. Math. 156, No. 8, 1623--1663 (2020; Zbl 1454.14028)], the authors construct a natural perfect obstruction theory and virtual cycle on \\(S_{\\beta}^{[n_1,n_2]}\\) for any curve class \\(\\beta\\).  Throughout the paper, attention is paid to surfaces for which either or both of \\(h^{0,1}(S)\\) and \\(h^{0,2}(S)\\) are non-zero, either of which necessitate further consideration. The final section of the paper provides an alternative, more geometric, approach to the virtual cycle construction by incorporating the Jacobian \\(\\operatorname{Jac}(S)\\) directly in case \\(h^{0,1}(S) \\neq 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