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Let \\((X, \\omega)\\) be a pair consisting of a rational surface \\(X\\) and an ample line bundle \\(\\omega\\) on \\(X\\). Let \\(M^X_\\omega(c_1, d)\\) be the moduli space of \\(\\omega\\)-semistable torsion-free coherent sheaves of rank-\\(2\\) on \\(X\\) with Chern classes \\(c_1 \\in H^2(X, \\mathbb Z)\\) and \\(c_2 \\in \\mathbb Z\\) such that \\(d = 4c_2 - c_1^2\\). Associated to a line bundle \\(L\\) on \\(X\\), there is a determinant line bundle \\(\\mu(L)\\) on \\(M^X_\\omega(c_1, d)\\). Let \\(\\Lambda\\) be a formal variable. The goal of the paper is to study the generating function  \\[ \\chi_{c_1}^{X, \\omega}(L)= \\sum_{d > 0} \\chi\\big (M^X_\\omega(c_1, d), \\mu(L) \\big ) \\Lambda^d \\] of the holomorphic Euler characteristics \\(\\chi\\big (M^X_\\omega(c_1, d), \\mu(L) \\big )\\). Assume that \\(\\omega \\cdot K_X < 0\\) where \\(K_X\\) is the canonical divisor of \\(X\\), and that \\(\\omega = H - a_1E_1 - \\ldots - a_n E_n\\) with each \\(a_i < 1/\\sqrt{n}\\) when \\(X\\) is the blown-up of the projective plane \\(\\mathbb P^2\\) at \\(n\\) points with exceptional divisors \\(E_1, \\ldots, E_n\\) and \\(H\\) is a line in \\(\\mathbb P^2\\). The main theorem of the paper states that if \\(X\\) is a rational surface, then there exist a polynomial \\(P_{c_1, L}^X(\\Lambda) \\in \\Lambda^{-c_1^2} \\mathbb Q[\\Lambda^{\\pm 4}]\\) and a non-negative integer \\(l_{c_1, L}^X\\) such that  \\[ \\chi_{c_1}^{X, \\omega}(L)\\equiv \\frac{P_{c_1, L}^X(\\Lambda)}{(1 - \\Lambda^4)^{l_{c_1, L}^X}} \\] where for two Laurent series \\(P(\\Lambda) = \\sum_n a_n \\Lambda^n, Q(\\Lambda) = \\sum_n b_n \\Lambda^n \\in \\mathbb Q[\\Lambda^{-1}][[\\Lambda]]\\), define \\(P(\\Lambda) \\equiv Q(\\Lambda)\\) if there exists an integer \\(n_0\\) such that \\(a_n = b_n\\) for all \\(n \\ge n_0\\). Based on some explicit calculations on \\(\\mathbb P^2\\) and \\(\\mathbb P^1 \\times \\mathbb P^1\\), the author proposed several interesting conjectures regarding \\(P_{c_1, L}^X(\\Lambda)\\) and \\(l_{c_1, L}^X\\). These results are analogue to the Verlinde formula for algebraic curves, and related to Le Potier's strange duality conjecture. The main ideas of the proof are to use the wall-crossing formula and blown-up formula for \\(\\chi_{c_1}^{X, \\omega}(L)\\), and to analyze the \\(K\\)-theoretic Donaldson invariants with point class.  Section~2 is devoted to background materials such as determinant line bundles, walls and chambers, and \\(K\\)-theoretic Donaldson invariants. Section~3 reviews the strange duality conjecture for surfaces, and interprets the main results and conjectures in view of strange duality. Section~4 recalls Theta functions, modular forms and the wall-crossing formula. For the \\(K\\)-theoretic Donaldson invariants with point class, the polynomiality and vanishing of the wall-crossing formula are investigated. In Section~5, the author studies the K-theoretic Donaldson invariants for polarizations on the boundary of the ample cone. Section~6 applies blowup polynomials, blowup formulas and blowdown formulas to the present paper. Recursion formulas for rational ruled surfaces are proved in Section~7. Computations of the invariants for \\(\\mathbb P^2\\) and \\(\\mathbb P^1 \\times \\mathbb P^1\\) are carried out in Section~8 and Section~9 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