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Vinogradov conjectured that \\(n(p)\\ll_{\\varepsilon} p^{\\varepsilon}\\) for any fixed \\(\\varepsilon>0\\). This is known to follow from the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, but the present article shows that it is also a consequence of the Elliot--Halberstam conjecture. Indeed it would suffice to know that  \\[ \\sum_{q\\leq X^{1-\\varepsilon}, p\\nmid q}\\left|\\psi(x;q,p)-\\frac{x}{\\phi(q)}\\right| \\ll_{\\varepsilon}\\frac{x}{\\log x} \\]  uniformly for all primes \\(p\\leq x\\), for every fixed \\(\\varepsilon>0\\). A similar result is established for other characters \\(\\chi\\), where one considers the least positive integer \\(n\\) with \\(\\chi(n)\\not=1\\).  The idea behind the proof is quite simple. If \\(\\chi(r)=1\\) for every prime \\(r\\leq p^{\\kappa}\\) say, for some fixed \\(\\kappa>0\\), then one can show that there is an \\(X\\in[q^2,q^A]\\) with \\(A=A(\\kappa)\\), such that  \\[ \\left|\\sum_{X<n\\leq 2X}\\chi(n)\\Lambda(n)\\right|\\gg_{\\kappa}X. \\]  This follows immediately from ``classical'' results about zeros of Dirichlet \\(L\\)-functions, or can be deduced by (complicated) elementary means, as is done in the paper. The first key idea is then to use the periodicity of \\(\\chi\\) to deduce that  \\[ \\left|\\sum_{X-p<n\\leq 2X-p}\\chi(n)(\\Lambda(n+p)-1)\\right|\\gg_{\\kappa}X. \\]  One now writes \\(\\chi=f*\\mu\\), and sees that \\(f(r^e)=0\\) for any prime \\(r\\leq p^{\\kappa}\\), and \\(|f(r^e)|\\leq 2\\) in general. It follows that \\(f(n)\\ll_{\\kappa}1\\) for \\(n\\leq 2X\\). The use of \\(f\\), with these special properties, forms the second key idea in the proof.  One now replaces \\(\\chi(n)\\) by \\(\\sum_{rs=n}f(r)\\) and finds that the contribution for \\(r\\leq X^{1-\\varepsilon}\\) can be handled by the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture, producing a bound \\(O_{\\kappa,\\varepsilon}(X(\\log X)^{-1})\\). On the other hand, since \\(r\\) only contains prime factors \\(>p^{\\kappa}\\) a sieve upper bounds shows that the remaining \\(r\\) contribute \\(O_{\\kappa}(\\varepsilon X)\\). This leads to a contradiction if one takes \\(\\varepsilon\\) small enough compared with \\(\\kappa\\).  The paper also shows how to handle primitive roots, modulo primes \\(p\\) for which \\(p-1\\) has a bounded number of prime divisors. There is also a discussion showing how a general Type II estimate extending the Bombieri-Vinogradov range, of the type developed by \\textit{Y. Zhang} [Ann. Math. (2) 179, No. 3, 1121--1174 (2014; Zbl 1290.11128)], implies a non-trivial bound for a character sum \\(\\sum_{n\\leq N}\\chi(n)\\) with \\(N\\) somewhat below 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