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Gromov} and \\textit{H. B. Lawson} jun. have proved that a simply connected closed manifold \\(M\\) of dimension \\(\\geq 5\\), which does not admit a spin structure, carries a metric of positive scalar curvature [Ann. Math., II. Ser. 111, 423-434 (1980; Zbl 0463.53025)]. The proof of this result is based on the ``surgery lemma'' - - if a manifold is obtained from a manifold \\(N\\) by surgery of codimension \\(\\geq 3\\), and \\(N\\) admits a metric of positive scalar curvature, then so does \\(M\\). On one hand, Lichnerowicz proved a strong vanishing theorem -- if an \\(n\\)-dimensional spin manifold has positive scalar curvature, the kernel and cokernel of the Dirac operator are trivial, in particular, \\(n=0\\) mod 4, the characteristic number \\(\\hat A(M)\\) (the index of the Dirac operator) vanishes [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. A-B 257, 7-9 (1963; Zbl 0136.184)]. The above result was generalized by \\textit{N. Hitchin}, who constructed a family of Fredholm operators closely related to the Dirac operator, whose index is a KO-characteristic number \\(\\alpha(M)\\in KO(S^ n)\\) [Adv. Math. 14, 1-55 (1974; Zbl 0284.58016)]. He proved that \\(\\alpha(M)=0\\) if a spin manifold \\(M\\) has a metric of positive scalar curvature. In the present paper, the author gives a positive answer to the conjecture by Gromov and Lawson in the same paper as above. Namely, the author proves that a simply connected, closed, spin manifold \\(M\\) of dimension \\(\\geq 5\\) carries a metric with positive scalar curvature if and only if 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