{"entities":{"Q2366802":{"pageid":2377545,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2366802","lastrevid":46346091,"modified":"2025-12-24T14:57:59Z","type":"item","id":"Q2366802","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"An application of a theorem of Rudin"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 227595"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$EA6467CD-41D7-4E78-9E84-E332AE2A1CF7","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"70d91eeb566f926c25f6c4e0fb9fabbeb13a7fdd","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"An application of a theorem of Rudin","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$6599CFF5-9359-4DD5-8A4D-B7CFD90FC049","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"04282bc5b20f4566d664cc58dbb3b13a49d63c1d","datavalue":{"value":"0798.54028","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$B4BA51E5-F4FD-4668-86D6-FCAF7F4F7EDE","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"22f1e08d55c7179ba621741d60713f6c8ad803a9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":752528,"id":"Q752528"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$0DF09190-6FA8-45A1-BE7A-E4CF9F5E01D9","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"f3f6c7b78c5b27fc48ae0a7d3dd3bb661f120eab","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168532,"id":"Q168532"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$EF6223C1-6C98-4587-909A-A48D6A06E5E5","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"7a269f34123f780c17e245cbaab12f8ee5852e5b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+1994-11-08T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$868FCE4D-F230-4E2A-90E8-B74164FC784A","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"50c957ae4c3d9b61148ecc05cb3a30c516203fda","datavalue":{"value":"The study of generalized paracompact spaces has become significant in recent years. In addition to the new results in this area there have been a number of new interesting questions that have arisen from these studies. In this paper we answer one of these questions by applying a significant theorem of \\textit{M. E. Rudin} [General Topol. Appl. 5, 45-59 (1975; Zbl 0296.54004)].   For \\(P\\) one of the following properties: discrete (D), locally finite (LF), hereditarily closure-preserving (HCP), closure preserving (CP), \\(\\lambda\\) any countable ordinal, we define: A space \\(X\\) is \\(B(P,\\lambda)\\)-refinable provided every open cover \\({\\mathcal U}\\) of \\(X\\) has a refinement \\({\\mathcal E}= \\bigcup \\{{\\mathcal E}_ \\beta\\): \\(\\beta<\\lambda\\}\\) satisfying (i) \\(\\{\\cup{\\mathcal E}_ \\beta\\): \\(\\beta<\\lambda\\}\\) partitions \\(X\\), (ii) for every \\(\\beta<\\lambda\\), \\({\\mathcal E}_ \\beta\\) is a relatively \\(P\\) collection of closed subsets of the subspace \\(X-\\bigcup \\{\\cup {\\mathcal E}_ \\mu\\): \\(\\mu<\\beta\\}\\), and (iii) for every \\(\\beta<\\lambda\\), \\(\\bigcup \\{\\cup {\\mathcal E}_ \\mu\\): \\(\\mu<\\beta\\}\\) is a closed set.   Problem: When are the properties \\(B(\\text{D},\\lambda)\\)-refinable, \\(B(\\text{LF},\\lambda)\\)-refinable and \\(B(\\text{HCP},\\lambda)\\)-refinable equivalent?   Partial answers to this question are found in [\\textit{R. H. Price} and the author, Proc. Japan Acad., Ser. A 65, No. 9, 311-314 (1989; Zbl 0715.54016)]. We now provide a more complete answer using the following result [Rudin, loc. cit.]: Let \\(X\\) be a collectionwise normal space and \\({\\mathcal U}\\) an open cover of \\(X\\). If \\({\\mathcal U}\\) has a closed hereditarily closure-preserving refinement, then \\({\\mathcal U}\\) has a locally finite closed refinement.   We prove the theorem: In a collectionwise normal space \\(X\\), the following are equivalent.   (i) \\(X\\) is paracompact,   (ii) \\(X\\) is \\(B(\\text{D},\\lambda)\\)-refinable,   (iii) \\(X\\) is \\(B(\\text{LF},\\lambda)\\)-refinable,   (iv) \\(X\\) is \\(B(\\text{HCP},\\lambda)\\)-refinable.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$EAC6FEE0-1EC2-42AA-9124-B7CB040E1155","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"d6638429f658636cde013e7c47dae42190f534e9","datavalue":{"value":"54D20","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$88B10746-36BC-4478-BCBE-794672E96DDF","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"6d7f9167df3e80385fd6e1d6345f800fda321cc2","datavalue":{"value":"227595","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$D964144B-9315-4988-BA55-9E57E4F94827","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a306dc00a50f5854e07835a9560a6fae915cec52","datavalue":{"value":"collectionwise normal space","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$F7FA6171-47D3-43F2-A4AD-C9274E1B3022","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"c5632e389726efaa2ac5ce425ce84417d0542a3f","datavalue":{"value":"hereditarily closure-preserving refinement","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$147883FE-76AF-4DB2-A95E-280C3FC12027","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"9b89fd2a78e97282951d3b2e61613d8954fad087","datavalue":{"value":"locally finite closed refinement","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$CF9AE3BA-7CD2-49B5-933B-A5FE88F353F8","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$9415803E-55E5-4EBC-A65B-CDDA02974465","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"32a3c198912804bbaec03cc2144fcd10bb31161d","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.3792/pjaa.68.266","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$7DF56B80-5093-4BCC-ADB9-2F3EA0EDF5A8","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"ceb492e9deefd6d5fc48cc547cddea6c9f473ec0","datavalue":{"value":"W2034506204","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$7A652A53-2A14-4EC3-8DE1-4334A3B821BA","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cd60b3051d9d84f2611109a3a39b7cf1b5f63529","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4846098,"id":"Q4846098"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$8C2AD167-8BBE-46E6-A2CE-206EE9286E5C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1bfc51ed395cc2931898c4a36c32f23f8b09826b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4069983,"id":"Q4069983"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$DCD6D0CB-B8B6-4B17-8945-2A87564908B2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6e9650def5f9958f0e209119fa3a3e2d43ad123c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5607077,"id":"Q5607077"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$BEF29A7F-4DCE-4EEE-B852-42857896D848","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e19579c03e17f5f5d070cf618dc893a9c446f93c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":915182,"id":"Q915182"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$FAB570DC-FB5F-4B51-8495-2FA560CC7F81","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8cc85a04c8d3b9cf21651019d4acb9630c065d8d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":915183,"id":"Q915183"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$435C44E1-E001-4090-BC07-41C3FCAA5AF8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"eeae69e8808346f8b1e6ba519f9f8e902d67e118","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":752529,"id":"Q752529"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$DE1174D9-CA1F-4457-B4C0-0ADE396C0CD7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"eefb1f3085a5bfd8772f9d6e8eea8fc61e527f02","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4049778,"id":"Q4049778"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$C1560C3A-AE7B-4DCF-A241-607AF086B2FA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b38f105b572bdbc09d8b3f81999dad9f77414a14","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4107209,"id":"Q4107209"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$198E3011-E092-4736-AFAF-63B9F6121660","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3477f6d6bf5b064e6839f889ac7525cc22984c50","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4150819,"id":"Q4150819"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$B52DB445-A5BC-4C8D-9F71-36330ED50929","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cb5afc8e1ebaecbd79ce31664567bcb703a77e3f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3917152,"id":"Q3917152"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$107AE4E6-2E04-4DC0-ACDE-DA7E6AE22248","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ef47d35d04ee5774574504e97ad22fbb5bafd59e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4107210,"id":"Q4107210"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$53387552-BF8F-4BDE-B19E-22BC3CD49565","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"12bc70b00367c054beb679055f710802a545ef94","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5630330,"id":"Q5630330"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$6B8E0E9E-8EDD-4EAC-B58E-4DF23AA0CDEB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"65668d57b4924c5ec4e3cec5e369b0635a9292e5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3345419,"id":"Q3345419"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$DD4DB794-FFEE-4762-AE48-42763FAF2336","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b97f128324e1cdab79449119f55e1900138e36ca","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1108607,"id":"Q1108607"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$1E3E1855-77BB-4A88-A995-341FC31C0EC1","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"720d69637749e185019b6d5818791d24af1a19ea","datavalue":{"value":"10.3792/PJAA.68.266","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2366802$BD7FA3C7-3CFD-4FA9-83C4-99276D7CC1EC","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ffdd1a68cb7cd957e49fe67d93357654404fbc6f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":752529,"id":"Q752529"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d2cf15a96d81ad7330c4ff888bf653c329ff8aea","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.823361873626709","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2366802$2679AADC-9560-48C8-B77F-32F051121DFF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"16bfdaf6c84872589452a186ae29a43cb5703c03","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":915182,"id":"Q915182"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"af48cd9ca872c353f8349653bf08d95b37b80ed0","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8108621835708618","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2366802$A03CB4B0-F645-4FF6-B5EB-6D9E86BC7CC5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ff9ed850a93d6c5448e6234fc17d45672aaf58c3","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":915183,"id":"Q915183"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ef013c25d85e7812b8ce4e20c6ac4da0542146bb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8078474402427673","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2366802$60236213-94EB-4F3F-A8E4-CF338680078F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"20eccbea3c30b72d5ae86b60dcbd9344db445ea1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5939832,"id":"Q5939832"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"7ebdde2a27b71462a2c2a83f74fd64f79368eee6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7874448895454407","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2366802$8C52A268-FF5E-42D0-BE46-32AEE86F6FB6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ad29f651e2a69cf5428457e01ea50b0a441ba3dd","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4830407,"id":"Q4830407"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e6203752e451c79fa3aaf5094783030f38b8057b","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7702587842941284","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2366802$1DAD7BDB-4BB1-4938-8D8B-90D95739E9FF","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2366802","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2366802"}}}}}