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The main result is the following: if \\(\\lambda_1 > \\ldots > \\lambda_k > M_e(T)\\) are \\(k\\) eigenvalues of \\(T\\) (with \\(M_e(T) = \\sup \\, \\sigma_e(T)\\), where \\(\\sigma_e(T)\\) is the essential spectrum of \\(T\\)), and  \\[ q(N) - p(N) < \\min \\;\\{\\lambda_1 - \\lambda_2, \\ldots , \\lambda_{k-1} - \\lambda_k\\}, \\quad M_e(T) < \\lambda_k + p(N) \\]   \\[ \\left(p(N) = \\inf_{\\| u\\| = 1} (Nu,u), \\qquad q(N) = \\sup_{\\| u\\| = 1} (Nu,u)\\right), \\]  then \\(T + N\\) has \\(k\\) eigenvalues \\(\\hat{\\lambda}_1 > \\ldots > \\hat{\\lambda}_k > M_e(T)\\) and, moreover,  \\[ \\lambda_i + p(N) \\leq \\hat{\\lambda}_i \\leq \\lambda_i + q(N) \\qquad (i = 1, \\ldots , n). \\]  This theorem is based on the following critical point theorem for \\( C^1\\) functionals. Let \\(f \\in C^1(H,{\\mathbb R})\\) and \\(H = V \\oplus W\\) (\\(\\dim V < \\infty\\)),  \\[ f(u) \\geq \\beta \\;\\;(u \\in S \\cap V), \\quad f(u) \\leq \\alpha \\;\\;(u \\in S \\cap W) \\]  with \\(\\alpha < \\beta\\) and \\(S = \\{u \\in H: \\;\\| u\\| = 1\\}\\). If \\(f_S\\) satisfies the Palais--Smale condition in \\([\\beta,\\infty)\\), then  \\[ c = \\sup\\limits_{A \\in {\\mathcal A}} \\;\\inf_{u \\in A} \\;f(u) \\quad (\\text{with }{\\mathcal A} = \\{A \\subset S \\setminus W: \\;A \\;\\text{compact, noncontractible in} \\;S \\setminus W\\}) \\]  is a critical point with \\(c \\geq \\beta\\). Furthermore, if \\(V_0\\) is a nontrivial subspace of \\(V\\) and \\(f(u) \\leq \\gamma\\) on \\(S \\cap (V_0 \\oplus W))\\), then \\(\\beta \\leq c \\leq \\gamma\\). At last, if \\(W_0\\) is a finite-dimensional subspace of \\(W\\), \\(f(u) \\geq \\theta\\) on \\(S \\cap (V \\oplus W_0)\\), and \\(f_S\\) satisfies the Palais--Smale condition in \\([\\theta,\\infty)\\), then \\(f_S\\) has a second critical value  \\[ d = \\sup_{\\gamma \\in \\Gamma} \\;\\inf_{u \\in B \\cap V} \\;f(\\gamma(u)) \\quad (\\text{with }\\Gamma = \\{\\gamma: \\;B \\cap V \\to S: \\;\\gamma \\;\\text{continuous}, \\;\\gamma(u) = u \\;(u \\in S \\cap V)\\}) \\]  (where \\(B = \\{u \\in H: \\;\\| u\\| \\leq 1\\}\\)) with \\(\\theta \\leq d \\leq 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