{"entities":{"Q2368728":{"pageid":2379471,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2368728","lastrevid":49819891,"modified":"2026-01-11T01:13:28Z","type":"item","id":"Q2368728","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"On the existence of directed rings and algebras with negative squares"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5019791"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$D4A495D4-5EB4-46F6-8A29-28AFE0DFA656","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"095c1f40687d4c089aac62379da229911a8c9f70","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"On the existence of directed rings and algebras with negative squares","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$06C32E2C-2CB8-4EDD-BBAE-7A377EB0AEA6","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"9b560d7225f1cba669aef51bfdc4b997e4907eb6","datavalue":{"value":"1092.06016","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$FFE767AB-7385-45D9-8DBF-83271C8C33A8","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"93541bb195a0809b1f249396bcebe99d047e6b6c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161561,"id":"Q161561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$8999A3EC-A9E5-4963-A3BD-165E26393F6A","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"8728e91b2b3c919aca654c671fc4eed9ec21fc4b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2006-04-28T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$C0505A33-BFE4-49D3-9526-B7F09F6CF61D","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"6dceaf8afa548cd2ce91c03b4d500f7d3b574210","datavalue":{"value":"In 1926, E. Artin and O. Schreier proved that a totally ordered field cannot have squares which are equal to \\(-1\\). This result was generalized to totally ordered integral domains with identity by R. E. Johnson (1956) and L. Fuchs (1958). In the paper under review it is shown that this result cannot be generalized to directed partially ordered integral domains. In fact, a method for constructing such directed partially ordered rings and algebras having negative squares is presented. This is done using certain negative valuations of a totally ordered field \\(F\\). It is proved that on every extension \\(F(a)\\) such that \\(a^2=-1\\), there exists a partial order with respect to which \\(F(a)\\) is a directed field. In particular, if \\(Q\\) denotes the quotient field of the polynomial ring \\(F[x]\\), then for any solution \\(a\\) of \\(x^2+1=0\\), \\(Q(a)\\) can be partially ordered so that it forms a directed field. Analoguous results are shown for directed \\(R\\)-algebras, where \\(R\\) is a totally ordered ring. Finally, three concrete examples of directed \\(R\\)-algebras are given, which are not lattice-ordered.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$03482C2A-940C-47CC-8616-BEC2CE6B41FD","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"f923f04f03eef22c103562473d9cf7ff9b04319b","datavalue":{"value":"06F25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$8E3356A1-FF33-4CD8-A091-A3AF740F26BB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"2f908cfb5ef04305a6cd43a609f42648aa6ba778","datavalue":{"value":"16W80","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$4829DB72-F510-4DBF-9D8D-EB18082A459A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"7600b4c97d329e1331c9e071a696de8566745528","datavalue":{"value":"12J15","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$4220063E-56F7-41A3-8C09-3B582BFF7398","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"39fcd47c2eb394bec253b19621381acc48f5cc6a","datavalue":{"value":"13J25","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$7B853796-DE58-4F5D-BB7B-6A182DBBD75F","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f09611325ebd0368d9bf34189a2172eaec13b69a","datavalue":{"value":"5019791","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$C9714113-70FD-4A23-ACE8-419B6709A2D9","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d8c86ab0fbb42fff1fb960dd3588ac75301c947d","datavalue":{"value":"Directed ring","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$22B7A21E-D894-4E5A-B1ED-1DF5A799B256","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f6727d6d9207c3a99d93fbb70eae3ab031590a47","datavalue":{"value":"Directed algebra","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$E4678385-67A2-4212-81E9-DF849B9481F4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a28cbdcb82245ab047425fbee0d050b025396e3a","datavalue":{"value":"Valuation","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$A9B2BA1F-EE49-4A72-8EA0-3E7894D1AA48","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"59dbde502e8a1fcabf5a95a0c045a21a43213438","datavalue":{"value":"Negative square","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$3C4952C7-BBE9-4F64-8C02-A79A2D2ECCAC","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"e7d8e454882969707899e2e44d3c7bb3f4066cef","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":591672,"id":"Q591672"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$207D12E0-F2BA-40B5-915F-D772DC330F41","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"0e40a3870b32b18b840da0f31227db8fce409223","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":731309,"id":"Q731309"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$C49E7423-1581-4C45-9540-290E731F403E","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$11F55D5B-78A5-446F-8D79-04410FA4FEEF","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"e4b5fe4a7078745a796761bcbe25499e9e018b83","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2005.10.039","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$0F549965-383F-47F6-AF3C-4817BE840F03","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"12ef211aea15dd9e1834474b21d48f6d89489e71","datavalue":{"value":"W1999123583","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$7A21212C-C936-4E87-BD46-E0BD8D17C16D","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"245726923652ec612c8a46560806320a9f67ffce","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1248535,"id":"Q1248535"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$895A17B9-1FC4-49E0-8D7F-5BD9FD11F554","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"cdc57cf2ba5617fc074cae34fef64910590e17f4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5331549,"id":"Q5331549"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$EE9DFB85-B597-49E0-A36D-614724370E01","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6d637fda503021c7be2de4ca0d88be38e8edac43","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3232337,"id":"Q3232337"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$86C487EF-3FAC-496D-9A2C-63F975B7F7AA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9a3541971acf1d6854d679c142ef49500ee7ca18","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3285650,"id":"Q3285650"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$8758DA95-64E8-4DEA-A24F-411290D3D5CA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"5eae7df952f883c841f280711bf57080e13e02e0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4087245,"id":"Q4087245"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$FD8A4F1C-5D22-40DA-8571-5948A535DA1C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e52ec1246583a1247eed7626f2fc77e9d728b423","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3282031,"id":"Q3282031"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$741EA35A-F685-41CB-9DB8-11281D0A2FEC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"62b48c532a247c27214086098cf9ed71ec25a644","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5509706,"id":"Q5509706"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$1E8353F9-EA72-40CB-9304-20B10AF90B55","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4de365c37a041d833eb59da243565f67fc48a93f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5514734,"id":"Q5514734"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$7C01D1E5-3DE9-4588-B760-EE4E42D9A732","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3cf1d328a1bc63d1dc12f07aa04c2e4937aac32f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4266133,"id":"Q4266133"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$5DE403CC-5FF9-497E-B61E-F08B14806472","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f2729cd9197d47b5f4720b80632a40aaf520f7b2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5812254,"id":"Q5812254"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$48EB9F03-99EC-4535-AA0A-8CE4FB0E87E9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"4b164009c6dbd3a3ffb31b7ddee2cfc364433671","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1082357,"id":"Q1082357"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$5477A46E-97AA-4072-836E-801A41C9B63F","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"9d0690b8538385bd5d47397f097f15abd62a5913","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2005.10.039","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2368728$E4E6697A-A325-4BFD-887B-3E1A4EED6982","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d474df7ca70aba7fad6b1fdbe24ada071dc856d4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":346410,"id":"Q346410"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"dfd6c6fe5177ca28e2f12c4f2992ae343bf97947","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7848780155181885","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2368728$BAB6BAB3-7979-4D3F-88AB-D214FB20C011","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6200726f3c03b0b9660bacb5e88107fc336f6804","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5742564,"id":"Q5742564"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"31a9aee56dceee45b985e53fee2a83604e2347b3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7628069519996643","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2368728$EEF69884-FD35-4660-A559-3F93F5EA6442","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"9e627971e5b4c5fafbdaa1c6ed0d911cdf288409","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":405801,"id":"Q405801"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4f120181515674ee20aa973a53b22e2090a0a338","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7618173360824585","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2368728$30D9B3C5-CB8D-412E-B3CB-165E1D156E26","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"db4ae784290cee8ca5ce4d6a81dfed3305f4f074","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":523144,"id":"Q523144"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"1de1d5a230ade7cc7f8a3e62e1ded57c12184532","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7544033527374268","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2368728$DEDB5C3F-33F8-47D9-B9D0-6AEC3BA24A48","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e8d271b9e9761980f1f14de63e9490f6c229b1e4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1818399,"id":"Q1818399"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"978f7f1faf5de1c33a8d4c3aa008ffcc480cb82d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7512568235397339","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2368728$E69D0E75-C368-4CE4-8736-E6E2D2D92FB9","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2368728","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2368728"}}}}}