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Then the real vanishing set \\(V_{\\mathbb{R}}(I)\\) consists only of the origin. The coordinate function \\(x\\) is nonnegative on \\(V_{\\mathbb{R}}(I)\\). Algebraically this is rephrased by saying that \\(\\varphi(x)\\) is nonnegative for every \\(\\mathbb{R}\\)-algebra homomorphism \\(\\varphi: A \\to \\mathbb{R}\\) (in this example there is only one such homomorphism given by sending \\(x\\) to \\(0\\)). But \\(x\\) is not a sum of squares in the coordinate ring \\(A := \\mathbb{R}[X]/I\\). The authors interpret this phenomenon geometrically in the associated scheme \\(\\mathrm{Spec}(A)\\): The function \\(x\\) is not nonnegative on an `infinitesimal' neighbourhood of the origin. This can be formulated by looking at the tangent space at the origin which is algebraically described by homomorphisms \\(\\varphi:A \\to \\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^2)\\) where \\(\\epsilon\\) is infinitesimally positive. The homomorphism \\(\\mathbb{R}[x]/(x^2) \\to \\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^2)\\) given by sending \\(x\\) to \\(-\\epsilon\\) shows that \\(x\\) takes a negative value on the tangent vector in negative direction.  The authors consider also higher-order infinitesimal arcs and formalize the above idea as follows. For \\(m \\in\\mathbb{N}\\) let \\(\\epsilon\\) be infinitesimally positive in the ring \\(\\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^m)\\). The ring \\(\\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^m)\\) has a unique homomorphism to \\(\\mathbb{R}\\), given by sending \\(\\epsilon\\) to \\(0\\). Let \\(I\\) be an ideal in the polynomial ring \\(\\mathbb{R}[x_1,\\dots, x_n]\\) for some \\(n \\in\\mathbb{N}\\), let \\(A := \\mathbb{R}[x_1,\\dots, x_n]/I\\) be the coordinate ring and let \\(P\\) be a point in the real vanishing set \\(V_{\\mathbb{R}}(I)\\). A homomorphism \\(\\varphi: A \\to \\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^m)\\) is said to be at \\(P\\) if \\(P\\) is the (unique) point corresponding to the composed homomorphism \\(A \\to\\mathbb{R}\\).  A function \\(f \\in A\\) is called strongly nonnegative at \\(P\\) if \\(\\varphi(f)\\) is nonnegative for every homomorphism \\(\\varphi : A \\to\\mathbb{R}[\\epsilon]/(\\epsilon^m)\\) at \\(P\\) and every \\(m \\in\\mathbb{N}\\). The function \\(f\\) is called strongly nonnegative if it is strongly nonnegative at every point of \\(V_{\\mathbb{R}}(I)\\). One observes that sums of squares a strongly nonnegative.  One of the main results of the paper is the following: Let \\(f \\in A\\) and let \\(P \\in V_{\\mathbb{R}}(I)\\) be nonsingular in the associated scheme. Then \\(f\\) is strongly nonnegative at \\(P\\) if and only if \\(f\\) is nonnegative in a neighbourhood of \\(P\\).  As applications obstructions to nonnegative functions being sums of squares are 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