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Moreover, if \\(\\bar Y\\) satisfies \\(\\Omega^1_{\\bar Y}(\\log S_{\\bar Y})\\) nef and \\(\\omega_{\\bar Y}(S_{\\bar Y})\\) ample on \\(Y\\) -- for instance, \\(\\bar Y\\) is a sutable toroidal compactification -- then equality in~(*) implies that \\(C=\\bar C\\cap Y\\) is a subball quotient.  This paper extends these results to Shimura varieties of ball quotient type (i.e.\\ associated with \\({{\\text{SU}}}(1,n)\\)) or \\({\\text{SO}}(2,n)\\) type. The latter include the moduli of polarised \\(K3\\) and abelian surfaces. In these generalisations, the curve \\(C\\) is replaced by a submanifold \\(Z\\subset Y\\).  If \\(C\\) is a Shimura curve and \\(Y\\) is an arbitrary projetive surface contained in a Shimura variety \\(M\\) of \\({\\text{SO}}(2,n)\\) type one gets, after compactification, inequalities as in \\((*)\\) but with the sign reversed:  \\[  \\alpha \\bar C\\bar C+\\alpha\\deg S_{\\bar C} \\leq -K_{\\bar Y}\\bar C +(\\alpha-1)S_{\\bar Y}\\bar C \\eqno{(\\dag)}  \\]  with \\(\\alpha=2\\) if \\(\\theta_{\\bar C}^{(2)}\\neq 0\\) and \\(\\alpha=2\\) if \\(\\theta_{\\bar Y}^{(2)}= 0\\). Here \\(\\theta^{(2)}\\) denotes the Griffiths-Yukawa coupling: there is also the possibility that \\(\\theta_{\\bar C}^{(2)}= 0\\) and \\(\\theta_{\\bar Y}^{(2)}\\neq 0\\), which occurs when \\(Y\\) is a product of \\(C\\) and another curve.  These inequalities also generalise to higher dimension. Using them, the authors formulate a condition that forces \\(Y\\) to be a Shimura variety of Hodge type: in the case above, if there are sufficiently many curves \\(C_i\\) satisfying  \\[  \\alpha \\bar C_i\\bar C_i+\\alpha\\deg S_{\\bar C_i} \\leq -K_{\\bar Y}\\bar C_i +(\\alpha-1)S_{\\bar Y}\\bar C_i \\eqno{(\\ddag)}  \\]  then \\(Y\\) is a Hilbert modular surface or ball quotient, according to the value of~\\(\\alpha\\).  This is motivated by the observation that the Andr\u00e9-Oort conjecture (which holds under GRH) implies that any subvariety with a dense set of CM points must be of Hodge type.  The results in their full generality are too complicated to state here, but can be described quickly. First the proportionality: a Shimura variety \\(M\\) of \\({\\text{SO}}(2,n)\\) or \\({\\text{SU}}(1,n)\\) type and a dimension \\(d\\) submanifold \\(Z\\subset M\\), and suitable compactifications, there are inequalities satisfied by the degrees of certain sheaves. For instance, for \\({\\text{SO}}(2,n)\\) type  \\[  d\\deg_{\\omega_{\\bar Z}}(S_{\\bar Z})({\\mathcal N}^*_{\\bar Z/\\bar M})+(n-d)\\deg_{\\omega_{\\bar Z}}(S_{\\bar Z})\\big(\\Omega^1_{\\bar Z}(\\log S_{\\bar Z})\\big)\\geq 0  \\]  if \\(\\theta_{\\bar Z}^{(2)}\\neq 0\\) and \\(S_{\\bar Z}=\\bar Z\\setminus Z\\) is a normal crossings divisor: equivalently  \\[  \\mu_{\\omega_{\\bar Z}}(S_{\\bar Z})({\\mathcal N}^*_{\\bar Z/\\bar M})\\geq \\mu_{\\omega_{\\bar Z}}(S_{\\bar Z})\\big(T_{\\bar Z}(-\\log S_{\\bar Z})\\big).  \\]  If these inequalities are equalities then (for \\(d>1\\)) \\(Z\\) is a Shimura variety.  Second, the characterisations of Shimura varieties as having many subvarieties satisfying the above equalities are obtained from \\((\\dag)\\) and \\((\\ddag)\\) by replacing \\(Y\\) by \\(Z\\) and \\(C_i\\) by codimension~\\(1\\) subvarieties \\(W_i\\) of type \\({\\text{SO}}(2,d-1)\\). If there are at least \\(\\varsigma(\\bar Z)\\) such \\(W_i\\) satisfying the slope condition  \\[  \\mu_{\\omega_{\\bar W_i}}(S_{\\bar W_i})({\\mathcal N}^*_{\\bar W_i/\\bar Z})\\geq \\mu_{\\omega_{\\bar W_i}}(S_{\\bar W_i})\\big(T_{\\bar W_i}(-\\log S_{\\bar W_i})\\big),  \\]  where \\(\\varsigma(\\bar Z)=\\rho(\\bar Z)^2+\\rho(\\bar Z)+1\\) (slightly modified if \\(d<4\\)), then \\(Z\\) is a Shimura variety of type \\({\\text{SO}}(2,d)\\).  The proofs are mainly Hodge theory. Ingredients include the results of the last two authors on Arakelov-type inequalities and Shimura varieties, in [J. Differ. Geom. 77, No. 2, 291--352 (2007; Zbl 1133.14010)], and the results of Simpson and others on Higgs bundles and local systems. However, there is also a stage that requires some details of toroidal compactification, because one needs to be able to blow up at the boundary in such a way that the embedding of \\(W_i\\) in the moduli space extends to the 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