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This was the starting point of Grothendieck's theory of dessins d'enfants, in which he proposed the study of the absolute Galois group \\(\\mathrm{Gal}(\\overline{\\mathbb{Q}})\\) through its action on Belyi functions. The result of Belyi was later extended to complex surfaces by \\textit{G. Gonz\u00e1lez-Diez} [Am. J. Math. 130, No. 1, 59--74 (2008; Zbl 1158.14015)], where the role of Belyi functions is played by Lefschetz functions, that is, compositions of Lefschetz pencils \\(X \\dashrightarrow \\mathbb{P}^{1}_{\\mathbb{C}}\\) with rational functions \\(\\mathbb{P}^{1}_{\\mathbb{C}}\\to \\mathbb{P}^{1}_{\\mathbb{C}}\\).  In this paper, the author follows a similar strategy to give a Belyi-type characterisation of smooth complete intersections \\(X\\) of general type over \\(\\mathbb{C}\\) which can be defined over \\(\\overline{\\mathbb{Q}}\\). More precisely, it is proved that such a variety \\(X\\) can be defined over \\(\\overline{\\mathbb{Q}}\\) if and only if there exists a Lefschetz function \\(X \\dashrightarrow \\mathbb{P}^{1}_{\\mathbb{C}}\\) with at most three critical points. Contrary to the 2-dimensional case, the general proof poses several technical difficulties which require new results on finiteness of maps to varieties of general type and rigidity of Lefschetz pencils of complete 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