{"entities":{"Q2423827":{"pageid":2434570,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2423827","lastrevid":53453417,"modified":"2026-01-24T23:52:38Z","type":"item","id":"Q2423827","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"A characterization of the Higgins commutator"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 7069458"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$BE3AAB9E-0A71-4A92-9D4C-AD31ECCA03DB","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"39716c1c5e212ccc1cc379c334ef11d333a1fcf0","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"A characterization of the Higgins commutator","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$E4E9C6EF-16C9-4850-B220-379343D4D8C1","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"613dce2311bf5dae023cecd7e9b3d65ef4a6c090","datavalue":{"value":"1420.18007","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$2FDA74A6-4551-4681-A974-AFDFD5D649EE","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"970bc8a1fae77fdf572d6e184cd989b5c230d9c0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2423826,"id":"Q2423826"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$2D0353D5-9262-408F-BEB6-90E7B2D183C5","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"94b43e925d53c61559a924a3f6e0b9807eaa629d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":171466,"id":"Q171466"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$EEC3FB29-9A5C-4A95-A239-9C4C696D8280","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"42d1f5c0f5e8db34a69e71d479f8d7faaf3c37a6","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$6D0122D5-42A1-4B83-9701-C1B0F89B4CEE","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"a962a0cc30a8485f91a0e59b0a6ffa67439e9050","datavalue":{"value":"The Higgins commutator [\\textit{P. J. Higgins}, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 6, 366--416 (1956; Zbl 0073.01704)] is a universal-algebraic generalization of the commutator of groups to \\(\\Omega\\)-groups. The paper [\\textit{S. Mantovani} and \\textit{G. Metere}, J. Algebra 324, No. 9, 2568--2588 (2010; Zbl 1218.18001)] claims that the Higgins commutator can be defined categorically for a pair of subobjects of each object in an ideal-determined category, while the paper [\\textit{M. Gran} et al., J. Algebra 397, 643--665 (2014; Zbl 1305.18040)] shows that the categorical definition of the Higgins commutator is to be recovered through the weighted subobject commutator. This paper aims at characterizing the Higgins commutator as the largest binary operation \\(C\\)\\ defined on all subobjects of each object in an ideal-determined unital category, pursuant to the following conditions: \\begin{itemize} \\item[1.] \\(C\\)\\ is order-preserving. \\item[2.] For each pair of subobjects \\(H\\)\\ and \\(K\\)\\ of an object \\(X\\), \\(C\\left( H,K\\right) \\) is always less or equal to the meet of normal closures of \\(H\\)\\ and \\(K\\). \\item[3.] For every pair of subobjects \\(H\\)\\ and \\(K\\) of an object \\(X\\)\\ and every morphism \\(f\\)\\ with domain \\(X\\), we have \\[ C\\left( f\\left( H\\right) ,f\\left( K\\right) \\right) =f\\left( C\\left( H,K\\right) \\right) \\] \\end{itemize} A similar characterization is to be found in [\\textit{V. T. Shaumbwa}, Theory Appl. Categ. 32, 1588--1600 (2017; Zbl 1397.18010)] for the commutator introduced in [\\textit{S. A. Huq}, Q. J. Math., Oxf. II. Ser. 19, 363--389 (1968; Zbl 0165.03301)] within genuinely categorical setting. The paper [\\textit{J. Hagemann} and \\textit{C. Herrmann}, Arch. Math. 32, 234--245 (1979; Zbl 0419.08001)] gives a characterization of the commutator, introduced in [\\textit{J. D. H. Smith}, Mal'cev varieties. Cham: Springer (1976; Zbl 0344.08002)] and refined categorically in [\\textit{M. C. Pedicchio}, J. Algebra 177, No. 3, 647--657 (1995; Zbl 0843.08004)], on congruence lattices.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$3C5691F1-A27F-452E-AAD4-60FCFB7C5512","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"50a4d88aaef452ee91d36bc895e7495d5ed6f713","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":195143,"id":"Q195143"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$E5976301-EA0D-42A0-B0BD-B54DBA7D6103","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"9de122ab855f9ddfed11049bff6760e78c7b0fb5","datavalue":{"value":"18B30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$EC858E65-4715-4BD0-822D-C2470737192F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"32aa222f852df3f290ecea7c464ed5857992bf22","datavalue":{"value":"18A05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$3BBE1A67-921C-470D-A1B2-65F0D2D7B18B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0a7eb06f78cf1bac52b186f12694848a795f3f40","datavalue":{"value":"18B35","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$C38BF56F-4DFA-4436-A0AB-6F37223D3C37","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"0ac53b3d8ea831a008f6edc0617972e2b6304397","datavalue":{"value":"18A32","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$21A4C06A-027C-4AE4-A427-E9B612F83ADC","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f2dfa5e32c7c54ac3157194ff097d7133117f39c","datavalue":{"value":"7069458","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$E6F1ED30-2487-4ED2-9B58-FEC78C12BE9B","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b76182fd13b28bbbb64ac84d946a98a6524cb666","datavalue":{"value":"Higgins commutator","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$D0BB8539-52F6-478A-BFE3-480E1E1B8B53","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"fdd562f0b03cc4e249cafa9d985a9db8d7f7054b","datavalue":{"value":"normal category","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$517579E4-148D-45D3-8639-CFC5E530FB2F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6a4d715adb854e55875ac5a832265f4445fd40d2","datavalue":{"value":"ideal-determined category","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$96555C87-99A0-40AF-A37A-018FAE66B4CB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d327c8553e18be253548fda25483a84e069ec5c3","datavalue":{"value":"unital category","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$6E530FC4-C88B-4790-BA79-D3D35175935F","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$4F9B5C1C-26FE-4D18-8A73-F4529C21B5B6","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"f31a4b82f8a497a45d7236555f73ea3b5849c0e9","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10485-018-9548-9","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$37A19DF7-B779-462A-9C07-8595A1F6D675","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"7b139b2d84d17cc504405285ec087ea823dd8e2f","datavalue":{"value":"W2900168539","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$1B51C961-0606-488C-84A5-BB548EC387D5","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2c6f36e6315d8b6f23b4eeec417d313801c18c11","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1923806,"id":"Q1923806"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$31D11596-973D-4BBE-9DAD-15C604D10A9F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f021d7f060d09deb0436f7be587d2fbbe24edfe6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":405896,"id":"Q405896"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$DFCC98E4-0B69-4490-8C19-3F772BA6423E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"a7c46f0fdeec96d9b421790074aa1782cc227e33","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1132121,"id":"Q1132121"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$791581EC-5FF9-4218-B608-BE506D14FB72","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ccb1eab779eed980020404c3aea3e0197ab6a2c8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3236707,"id":"Q3236707"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$C6260508-3C1A-4FD6-932E-F88F2BD59637","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e42c52686f1af872ffecb21d11ce4d9ef7887186","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5549834,"id":"Q5549834"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$919B774E-C932-4FF0-A635-B3BF32E79CF9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1ed8fa60c33a3ed6da38f5ef5de5c1546cb403d9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4931926,"id":"Q4931926"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$7B00C70B-5F0D-4DB5-9082-7D2E117D8667","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1027d14d88a85a2181e9624ce77aad5b8c49bb80","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5200270,"id":"Q5200270"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$D0C883D9-7874-4A53-92AD-5CF311C2B41C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"de3ffa7a9f07aa6d53a0371ba9799cb88adc64c6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":618264,"id":"Q618264"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$6565D02C-22AA-4D29-A96C-17C4A91ECACF","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"f58e48364751c06dd8d561010f6eefad9b88fa56","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1904231,"id":"Q1904231"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$ADC62214-FBD7-4E12-8E1F-ED0C7D81A6C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"71fe78318e4d6d71d3be30506933020c1fc21bf1","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4563208,"id":"Q4563208"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$EBD1ABCB-8705-4067-B168-F04595C3650E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"20f1fe91abc91b2d9ebbff4fd5445b943f49c2e2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1232428,"id":"Q1232428"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$88B75F2B-83E8-474C-9927-CE5AF4ECA217","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"b1f83f66e805d0453779ed2a79bf4351d05767a0","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S10485-018-9548-9","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2423827$993E0984-95E4-4AAE-A6E8-2E9724EE4ED7","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1403aebf367d0f448b6d8f94d1cca2b79ad6daed","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":618264,"id":"Q618264"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"c7dea41912f5821f2b3b0a1f2eb8f8a34449d703","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.843450129032135","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2423827$6BEDB715-DE1F-46F8-B1D7-3C8CC19D1467","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"6df06e8497856d51cdacdb170e8f32efaf9377d9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":479290,"id":"Q479290"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b66fd19eb58c5ad703d688f0b00a147b02e9132d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8258547782897949","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2423827$BA2C14E8-C09C-41AA-96AD-666F31729528","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f514c001ecb7eec1c00b607263e513fca98263cb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4563208,"id":"Q4563208"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d7c914bf308b28ad7a5365bb8a016a08f1134450","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8223882913589478","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2423827$502421B9-D833-4785-8A55-EF2C4EE00B2E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1c08988007b71b9a2e87f6c8df71ef9d5cdffbab","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5861651,"id":"Q5861651"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5b0410dd28da4efc03782ef118893fb48107eedc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8011025786399841","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2423827$D575BCE1-96B7-4478-93FE-9772974AE563","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d617658c5307343ec84de905f10b577256e3f5be","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3156493,"id":"Q3156493"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3c0d134feb465fe3778c991fbae4bdec75faf8fc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7983803153038025","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2423827$AAF2BCAF-B80D-48B7-8879-371B822F0B96","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2423827","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2423827"}}}}}