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This equation is defined on the interface between the regions of different refractive indices within a cross-section, rather than on the whole cross-section, which represents a computational advantage by reducing the dimension of the problem. The BDE is derived from Maxwell's equations in section 2 [note a missing factor 2 in front of the second integral in Eq. (10)]. A discretization strategy which accounts for the singularities of the linear operators in the BDE is discussed in section 3, in preparation for the numerical results that follow, in section 4. 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