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The first one is (a complex version of) certain \\(K\\)-theory index element, \\(\\alpha_{\\max}(M)\\in K_n(C^*_{\\max}(\\pi_1(M)))\\), constructed by \\textit{J.~Rosenberg} for any closed spin manifold \\(M^n\\) [Topology 25, 319--336 (1986; Zbl 0605.53020)]. The Lichnerowicz-Schr\u00f6dinger-Weitzenb\u00f6ck formula shows that this index is zero if \\(M\\) admits a metric of positive scalar curvature. The converse was proved to be false by the second author [Topology 37, 1165--1168 (1998; Zbl 0976.53052)].   The second fundamental concept of the paper is the following: a closed oriented manifold \\(M^n\\) is called enlargeable if, for some metric and all \\(\\varepsilon>0\\), there is a finite connected cover \\(\\overline M\\) of \\(M\\) and an \\(\\varepsilon\\)-contracting map \\(\\overline M\\to\\mathbb{S}^n\\). An area-enlargeable version can be given, too. This notion was introduced by Gromov and Lawson, who proved that enlageable spin manifolds do not admit metrics of positive scalar curvature [\\textit{M. Gromov} and \\textit{H. B. Lawson jun.}, Ann. Math. (2) 111, 209--230 (1980; Zbl 0445.53025)].   The first main result of the paper shows that, for the problem of existence of metrics with positive scalar curvature, the index obstruction \\(\\alpha_{\\max}(M)\\) subsumes the enlargeability obstruction; i.e., if a spin manifold \\(M\\) is enlargeable or area-enlargeable, then \\(\\alpha_{\\max}(M)\\neq0\\).   As another application of their methods, the authors also give an affirmative answer to a question of Burghelea: if \\(M\\) is an enlargeable or area-enlargeable manifold, \\(f:M\\to B\\pi_1(M)\\) a classifying map for its universal cover and \\([M]\\in H_n(M;\\mathbb{Q})\\) its fundamental class, then \\(f_*([M])\\neq0\\) in \\(H_n(B\\pi_1(M);\\mathbb{Q})\\).   It is remarkable that no spin assumption is required 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