{"entities":{"Q2491804":{"pageid":2502547,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2491804","lastrevid":73486758,"modified":"2026-04-14T16:11:01Z","type":"item","id":"Q2491804","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"The primitive elements of the free group of rank two."}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5028839"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$A6ECEC83-53CF-4F08-97A8-08EEFBBB3A3A","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"fdf94961e813fff0e4eb149e5b530c32fb4b5a07","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"The primitive elements of the free group of rank two.","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$C37AA53F-C69B-4FCD-8A8C-2454739044AE","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"1654fadccb14514e480e95692195a94227fe7250","datavalue":{"value":"1098.20021","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$59C734E3-CE41-4FDF-A221-13D210B93BE9","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"1be497ebea9a8b735ded535c7d8e18c6531d7c8d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1970972,"id":"Q1970972"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$AE08C139-FF6E-44D4-A490-01175CCA70F1","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"93541bb195a0809b1f249396bcebe99d047e6b6c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":161561,"id":"Q161561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$63E25137-90BE-4AA1-A767-51820305927F","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"f15351dbed855cf0fba6286653472b73d10f2649","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2006-05-29T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$B1365B61-0290-48AB-B0F2-D0A11335E2AA","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"6a260b0a16f57f0546ac40a3580e385cb4958d22","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(\\Phi=\\langle\\xi,\\eta\\rangle\\) be the free group of rank \\(2\\). A reduced element \\(\\omega=c_1c_2\\cdots c_n\\in\\Phi\\), where the \\(c_i\\) are alternating nonzero powers of \\(\\xi\\) and \\(\\eta\\), is a `palindrome' if \\(c_i=c_j\\), provided that \\(i+j=0\\pmod n\\). Equivalently, \\(\\omega\\) is a palindrome if \\(\\omega\\varphi(\\omega)=1\\), where \\(\\varphi\\) is the automorphism of \\(\\Phi\\) which sends \\(\\xi\\) and \\(\\eta\\) to their inverses.   Here an element \\(\\alpha\\in\\Phi\\) is said to be `primitive' if there exists \\(\\beta\\in\\Phi\\) such that the map \\(\\xi\\to\\alpha\\), \\(\\eta\\to\\beta\\) defines an automorphism of \\(\\Phi\\) which fixes the commutator \\([\\xi,\\eta]\\). In [J. Algebra 223, No. 2, 610-614 (2000; Zbl 0951.20025)] the author characterized the primitive elements of \\(\\Phi\\) with respect to the existence of palindromes. More precisely, he proved that the element \\(\\alpha\\) is primitive if and only if there exist palindromes \\(\\omega\\) and \\(\\pi\\) such that (1) \\(\\alpha=\\eta^{-1}\\omega\\xi\\) and \\(\\pi\\omega\\eta^{-1}\\xi=\\xi\\eta^{-1}\\omega\\pi\\).   In this paper a characterization of all palindromes \\(\\omega\\in\\Phi\\) for which \\(\\alpha=\\eta^{-1}\\omega\\xi\\) is a primitive element is given. This is obtained as follows: Firstly, the palindromes are separated into three classes: the elementary, the generic and the degenerate ones (see the definition in the paper). After using elementary properties of permutations, which are applied to the indexes \\(i\\) in \\(\\omega=c_1c_2\\cdots c_n\\in\\Phi\\), where the \\(c_i\\) are alternating nonzero powers of \\(\\xi,\\eta\\), it is obtained a description of \\(\\omega\\), provided that it is generic. The palindrome \\(\\pi\\) which (with \\(\\omega\\)) satisfies (1) is obtained from the structure of \\(\\omega\\) (see Theorem in the paper).   For all elementary palindromes \\(\\omega\\) the element \\(\\alpha=\\eta^{-1}\\omega\\xi\\) is primitive.   The case of degenerate palindromes is reduced to the other two cases.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$A729DEAA-0A87-4D02-8166-9E44E0D7E779","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"831f88e9d90875bc5ed734a43dde265a8db02e5e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":590422,"id":"Q590422"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$ED0054A5-5F34-47A8-9130-775EF93A3CF3","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"e478659c80ac196196a2283c8b16b79c8d8cd8d5","datavalue":{"value":"20E05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$8714A56A-EE46-488C-81A0-BE77F8535FF0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5608e4dbe85e8f6c220cc8afcea2a4ada066e3fa","datavalue":{"value":"20F05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$DD148E9C-1B65-455A-8E3A-A363F6320425","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"9f4783aefc0465a962c2651b89c22d3aa35c14ce","datavalue":{"value":"20E36","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$9696F149-293B-4F0B-8D15-439C5840BD87","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"f7b77ca81a175de400d6c52c3bb78d25af6fba35","datavalue":{"value":"5028839","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$663E41E4-AA37-44CE-85C6-93BF901B0595","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"58a45b8fb59856af0b6d5dada48826640876ef3b","datavalue":{"value":"primitive elements","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$EBBF8FAB-7524-40B5-87FC-D0832100719F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3379a1b27e0bd5a39050bbcc021e4cfb6bdada09","datavalue":{"value":"rank two free group","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$E50E1E08-E50F-47B6-9F77-8001145F4E89","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"447fa387c72cb86649422f0b737610382e7b4be8","datavalue":{"value":"automorphisms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$7DE63F70-BEE9-4CCF-8B81-6945F2FDDC7F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"d8db3395418ef97bd5a003e7dc8a17940fb14ddd","datavalue":{"value":"automorphism groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$BB881CD9-D451-4110-B3D6-25FD2AAB74A3","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a09f04570def689715b84014013c9f3df4e02641","datavalue":{"value":"endomorphisms","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$1B0D2F07-A787-49A6-AAF0-BC8B59E89F15","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"5e48afa5abe77db3d9ffce6f9daf0ce442bcbfd0","datavalue":{"value":"palindromes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$2FC8A141-6BE3-420F-AC21-86406EB35958","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"3cef2e19508c99996f3085fe25bc0edcd6beb4de","datavalue":{"value":"commutators","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$59A65C43-3101-4F7D-A7A0-AA05BA1F9838","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$EF0CB19B-E55E-4BCF-9415-116409BCD3CD","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"c04055ed55ac0fd905309e08aaee46f5eb486df3","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2005.08.023","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$4855C5CD-0E1B-4493-A842-F03706BEB03A","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"164d21abb96ef1d336a115cdfbf68b5e680cd7f3","datavalue":{"value":"W2018455901","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$6328FBCF-D856-4C6F-A3D1-087BF590875E","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"914f7ec1a4dd5ad3289e687b281c049ac341e4fc","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1970973,"id":"Q1970973"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$79AD6677-26D8-4159-A520-E66A92E5BC28","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"7f79deb97659222c8804e605f9aebbed0d5260a2","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.JALGEBRA.2005.08.023","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2491804$8FC888C1-FC78-4D35-BE35-D30E9E0263B3","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"869968e390c862f61585a843d56b7f8fd0e94e1c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":853926,"id":"Q853926"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4302d65ac357f76e87ebd1d5f60010c4f32508e3","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9382489323616028","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2491804$96CC8803-6B9B-48B4-AC8D-C0370594FE1B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"8ee0269b5ab1bc115153601ec5572bd3f8b05eff","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":645235,"id":"Q645235"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b94aeed5df9a4f6a3bb50897886c2808573c7641","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.90617573261261","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2491804$743166E4-B4EB-4D6C-9616-2A6271810873","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1ff8fee4c2cd1568717a946cdd979f6b50ba1344","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5239577,"id":"Q5239577"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bc322fd24ac360f6468422a939ba5c612406b7b7","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.9007713794708252","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2491804$A6D4796B-4A4E-4CCD-9FC0-32676E335FC5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4c18c4a7bfc5865e270467853c24b2ec36f64da2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1273224,"id":"Q1273224"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"3203267555ce6fc5fc69c79c1b55025cd00e2661","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8984084129333496","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2491804$4FF9D432-CC96-4908-9611-0E80FEEC9E7E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"16f318a41fce4071eaed6fb3df25753c8aa984f4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1970973,"id":"Q1970973"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"602ab96c99c97021ca7d1847a00cd7ed89f5765d","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8900645971298218","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2491804$D312DE67-2456-4EF2-BD62-4379826ADFD3","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"The primitive elements of the free group of rank two.","badges":[]}}}}}