{"entities":{"Q2495849":{"pageid":2506592,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2495849","lastrevid":49869202,"modified":"2026-01-11T11:16:26Z","type":"item","id":"Q2495849","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Algebra in Roth, Faulhaber, and Descartes"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5037754"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$4197CA31-4CDF-4CC2-A1ED-F0CEBA9E917F","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"4ac6d50f125ef1e2027470bcf2369d64c89e0493","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Algebra in Roth, Faulhaber, and Descartes","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$FCB22E43-F6E7-4547-AF53-04F5363EDB49","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"3e162f10d05b099deda45b338eba60422e20c37d","datavalue":{"value":"1103.01004","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$B993EBFB-64C8-4258-9E21-E183791C29E4","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"c6d6937a3f0178a6597c072f974da30194879d85","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168116,"id":"Q168116"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$0699636C-8007-4BFB-AA8B-6BF7F588B4C5","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"9e66041b42d053f5f2145cbbf08b1b29afba170b","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2006-06-30T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$B6C2017E-F0DE-4289-AAF1-46AB89F92289","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"befe668d8c8ef0f7b64cd6241c1874dc545d405f","datavalue":{"value":"Hier handelt es sich sowohl um Daten, wann wer -- Peter Roth, Johann Faulhaber, Ren\u00e9 Descartes -- wen vor allem ab 1619 wissensm\u00e4\u00dfig beeinflusste, als auch um damalige wesentliche neue Erkenntnisse zur Algebra: Symmetrische Grundfunktionen, Zeichenfolgen, Zeichenwechsel, Polynomzerlegung, Bedeutung des konstanten Koeffizienten usw. Verf. beabsichtigt: ``Rather than try to assign intellectual credit between Faulhaber and Descartes in detail, I here treat this part of \\textit{Miracula Arithmetica} as a time capsule containing results of their extended interaction working on Roth's book.'' (p. 187) Folglich geht es ihm -- ``Sixteenth-century Cossists reduced many practical and speculative problems to the problem of finding roots of given polynomials, occasionally ones of quite high degree.'' (p. 187) -- um die beiden um 1600 bedeutenden Fortschritte in der Gleichungslehre:   1) ``One is the general use of powers of multiple simultaneous unknowns'';  2) ``The second ... supplements a traditional `additive' conception of equations by what we call a `multiplicative' conception of equations, a number of considerations based on treating polynomials (in one unknown) as products of ones of lower degree.'' (p. 187)   Das Wissen um die symmetrischen Grundfunktionen bei Grad drei stellte sich um 1600 ein. ``Degree independence excited Roth, Faulhaber, and Descartes. Multiplicative conceptions provide a non-trivial theoretical perspective on equations, making their nature clear.'' (p. 189)   \\textit{Arithmetica Philosophica}, N\u00fcrnberg 1608: ``Roth's weak form of the fundamental theorem of algebra suggests he had some grasp of a multiplicative conception of equations. ... Nor does a multiplicative conception emerge from Roth's Second Book, which consists in a complete treatment of Faulhaber's [\\textit{Arithmetischer Cubiccossischer Lustgarten}, Ulm 1604] problems.'' (p. 190f.)   Zu Grad sieben: ``Roth's equations were therefore obviously constructed by multiplying such factors'', wobei einige Probleme ``would be most tedious indeed if one did not recognize that integral roots as well as constant terms of quadratic factors must evenly divide the constant term of the equation.'' (p. 191) Zur Frage, ob Roth in einzelne Angaben absichtlich Fehler eingebaut hatte: ``Roth thus had a built-in defense that his problems were printed with proper care.'' (p. 192)   Faulhaber betrachtete Eliminieren des vorletzten Terms als ein probates Mittel, um an die L\u00f6sung von Gleichungen beliebigen Grades zu gelangen. Nach eigenem Bekunden \u00fcbernahm er von Descartes die sogenannte Vorzeichenregel, wenn auch ungenau, und publizierte sie in seinen \\textit{Miracula Arithmetica}, Augsburg 1622, S. 58f. Verf. zeigt auf, wie Faulhaber dort durch Nullsetzen von Faktoren eines Polynoms, durch ``auxiliary equations'' bzw. durch ``auxiliary unknowns'' Gleichungsl\u00f6sungen fand: ``The cost of not somehow making the auxiliary unknown explicit in evaluating the product was, however, that it took a verbal `road map' in addition to the displayed formulas to make the rationale of the factoring procedure clear.'' (p. 196); ``\\dots solving two simultaneous higher-degree equations in two unknowns by polynomial elimination ... however, would try the patience of a stone.'' (p. 197) Die Reduktion spezieller Gleichungen vierten Grades durch ``partes aliquotae'' auf Gleichungen dritten Grades lernte Descartes bei Faulhaber in den Miracula Arithmetica, pp. 60-63.   Descartes' \\textit{G\u00e9om\u00e9trie}, Leiden 1637, f\u00fchrte in etlichem \u00fcber Roth und Faulhaber hinaus: ``It introduced setting equations equal to zero as default; and stated the rule of signs more cautiously, allowing that there might be fewer than the indicated number of roots.'' (p. 198) Die charakteristische Vorgehensweise Descartes' wird beschrieben. ``Nonetheless, it is hard to miss that each topic in Descartes' theory of equations was already announced in Roth or developed in \\textit{Miracula Arithmetica}, or both.'' (p. 198)   Nachdem Verf. auch auf m\u00f6gliche Vorlagen aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet f\u00fcr Descartes' algebraische Kenntnisse hingewiesen hatte, res\u00fcmiert er: ``Roth's \\textit{Arithmetica Philosophica} brought out for Descartes the multiplicative insights and degree uniformities on equations that he was to systematize and exploit. Vi\u00e8te's work seems not to have been an actual influence on Roth, Faulhaber, or Descartes's mastery of a multiplicative conception of equations.'' (p. 200)   Anschlie\u00dfend werden ``Roth's seventh-degree problems'' im Einzelnen -- gem\u00e4\u00df einer ``road map'' -- vorgef\u00fchrt; Verf. geht hierbei nochmals auf die ``Errors in the printed problems'' ein.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$5A0C8296-200E-41E7-B8AF-D6EA9A1A973A","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"01054dc6ba33aba8a952621f3343b259f4539d2d","datavalue":{"value":"01A45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$16E7786F-400A-40CC-A15C-90DE212CFD7C","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"142c6dd6a0a9619019edc7ef24dc52a7a5a8a795","datavalue":{"value":"5037754","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$E19A144E-CD5D-45F4-A95A-DB9EFD81DC3B","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f7d35e9b8a82b64c605e22abb2b29c2f31f4ea37","datavalue":{"value":"theory of equations","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$E5204730-7AEC-47DA-A84A-C60EBF3043AC","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"7c95133c1a453cfb8adecd39f2cf7203df9593a7","datavalue":{"value":"Cossic algebra","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$B268C52E-AE49-413B-AB7B-429580B1CF2E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"24d96c1515cd35ea76fea45a6932dc526eddca27","datavalue":{"value":"Peter Roth","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$F7D8138F-FE08-4A56-B87B-5CB42149E99E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"16278f74403419a8be5fb74fb154270e915aabdb","datavalue":{"value":"Johann Faulhaber","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$76680575-4B96-44F3-98D0-757DF6FC149A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"99d79c3261640497973ab52a66981389092e65c3","datavalue":{"value":"Descartes","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$04523B01-45F8-4796-A08D-F20DF7F016BD","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"62e772fae0284d60e0984288fc449a73b686b10b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1170273,"id":"Q1170273"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$8C528B86-880C-4CAC-BD93-E735ECC1DFCB","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"8416f9900ff22b99e306cb2689632624161ccf3a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":593261,"id":"Q593261"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$4DD2A78D-B17D-4E17-8B60-15980C409F71","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$5E7EDF44-F810-473D-A0F4-DBCC06F10E28","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"7fb778d282e209c52d55d110e53d8abdfd27001a","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2005.05.003","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$9066E781-0FF4-49BE-9B09-DCB4401C03C7","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"5bbe0321796c55a35b72623e8b32b68dc1b84d8e","datavalue":{"value":"W2039094528","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$AD31FDD2-AE0B-48F9-800D-F56B17836660","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"3d8fdeeb6ac67e8f612cf680aa7f8a7fe51caaa9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4420629,"id":"Q4420629"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$2B9AAABC-3CF9-45DB-98AE-7D016466160E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"0654cd09f924b61786b22176037c64c9c95ab93d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4277007,"id":"Q4277007"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$C983C117-FCE4-4F4B-AFC3-CABC24B6D34C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"6f53d4624044384a61b2dec79e4f8ab3e096b42a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2703813,"id":"Q2703813"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$63AACC7E-7359-4AA1-A82C-5FA89F9C19B1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"e315d2bcc261bd69afd809e4ccffa2acd0d9d173","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4099561,"id":"Q4099561"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$45DB3760-80B5-444E-99F0-A74B422368DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"34fc074955e8e68c5d7dbdda9dc9acd5b424c047","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5586164,"id":"Q5586164"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$121512AA-14E1-45A5-80EC-3F0927C97E37","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d11c8d3484e4a0fedbe386453c62721768b76b02","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4835658,"id":"Q4835658"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$0937EF70-73BA-49B3-A64A-258A36EBAD52","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"ebef991958183eb276656c1e4142b12196ee9884","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3890632,"id":"Q3890632"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$6C11F041-125D-40C0-B75D-EB973718B7B7","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"d3ea4ef58a71e9d504a8a8b5d691d025676eeb64","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4440463,"id":"Q4440463"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$4674DDC0-DC22-42DF-8170-04131CB7F6B2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8a295bd79d4c09a46a37183c3376a1ff224ea8ff","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4275392,"id":"Q4275392"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$A7FD4584-581D-4E4B-8586-DF844D00114D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"40e19eb92a60bf67fbcf48330f642797007c173d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5584545,"id":"Q5584545"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$137595D6-5DD5-497F-8075-C2BA21AEDFBD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"8c12c7a0667a8fa2f2063d4c442b786727ee5fad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3221956,"id":"Q3221956"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$D0F67AD8-8548-4292-B51B-3E1D0C5F2B5C","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"f239fbe765f1a7f79953dbfc05f276bc3d88d14a","datavalue":{"value":"10.1016/J.HM.2005.05.003","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2495849$D7361F09-26E6-44B3-A984-1949174F716F","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"fd5387786654a974844c5e050388c94b4cc05a50","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4921539,"id":"Q4921539"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"65f8fdde5718b6398b091af7e6d1aff578c99a8a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7465717196464539","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2495849$54BFD966-7884-40F6-9D5A-94383C0C85D8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"984eb745b547b073a0938f7f1805f8b95e1ab4c9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3122890,"id":"Q3122890"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"4ee61c0a81bb35a7a4b49e48f8b5aa9ee98f7c57","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7443042397499084","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2495849$175FCC23-9126-4773-B6C0-5B9C79C8006C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d75717bbb49a26464bb6a3909df1d310f7305f29","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4331766,"id":"Q4331766"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"e32d4a1a3bca321c93642c8fc599c5791f813763","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7438381910324097","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2495849$6E7E65AA-A0F0-4DDC-AAF5-085900E3C09D","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"1091a2a196f30be220ac6bb08f8e3ac9aba6d3a6","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1802245,"id":"Q1802245"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b31d8f430deb888983ef7f8e2941b8ae68cb42bb","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7423967123031616","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2495849$D92E42C5-BEF3-4EE9-9214-45EB884E88DA","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ce2bb503fff0ede6657c59c23844225c2e676d81","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4275392,"id":"Q4275392"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"53900b2239193931631f5da407016b6789075abc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7302279472351074","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2495849$9EF50F95-5A74-4E8F-A8FD-97939577162E","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2495849","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2495849"}}}}}