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J. Murray} and \\textit{J. von Neumann} [Ann. Math. 44, 716--808 (1943; Zbl 0060.26903)] associates to every type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) the subgroup \\({\\mathcal F} (M)=\\{ t>0: M^t \\cong M\\}\\) of the multiplicative group \\({\\mathbb R}_+^*\\), called the \\textsl{fundamental group} of \\(M\\). The uniqueness of the hyperfinite type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(R\\) immediately gives \\({\\mathcal F}(R)={\\mathbb R}_+^*\\). However, Murray and von Neumann noticed (last line of Chapter V) that they know nothing beyond this example. The related problem of the existence of a type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) with \\(M\\ncong M \\otimes M_n ({\\mathbb C})\\), \\(n\\geq 2\\), was raised by Kadison (Baton Rouge Conference, 1967) and by [\\textit{S. Sakai}, \\(C*\\)-Algebras and \\(W^*\\)-Algebras, Springer (1998; Zbl 1024.46001)]. A first class of examples of factors with countable fundamental group was obtained by \\textit{A. Connes} [J. Oper. Theory 4, 151--153 (1980; Zbl 0455.46056 ]. He proved that \\({\\mathcal F}(M)\\) is countable if \\(M={\\mathcal L}(\\Gamma)\\), the von Neumann algebra of a discrete countable group \\(\\Gamma\\) with infinite conjugacy classes and with Kazhdan's property (T). Using noncommutative Bernoulli shifts, \\textit{V. Y. Golodets} and \\textit{N. I. Nessonov} [J. Funct. Anal. 70, 80--89 (1987; Zbl 0614.46053)] constructed, for each countable set \\(S\\subset {\\mathbb R}_+^*\\), a type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\) with \\({\\mathcal F}(M)\\) countable and \\(S\\subset {\\mathcal F}(M)\\).   The paper under review exhibits the first class of type II\\(_1\\) factors with explicitly computable countable fundamental group. This includes the von Neumann algebra \\(M={\\mathcal L}(\\Gamma)\\) of the group \\(\\Gamma={\\mathbb Z}^2 \\rtimes SL_2 ({\\mathbb Z})\\), for which the equality \\({\\mathcal F}(M)=\\{ 1\\}\\) is proved. In particular this \\(M\\) cannot be isomorphic to any of the factors \\(M\\otimes M_n({\\mathbb C})\\), providing an answer to the Kadison-Sakai question.   The key idea is to prove that \\textit{D. Gaboriau}'s \\(\\ell^2\\)-Betti numbers \\(\\{ \\beta_n ({\\mathcal R})\\}_{n\\geq 0}\\) associated to a countable measure-preserving equivalence relation \\({\\mathcal R}\\) [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes \u00c9tud. Sci. 95, 93--150 (2002; Zbl 1022.37002)] produce numeric invariants for a certain class \\({\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\) of type II\\(_1\\) factors. This class consists of factors \\(N\\) possessing a Cartan subalgebra \\(B\\) with property HT, i.e., satisfying a certain weak amenability type property (the inclusion \\(B\\subset N\\) satisfies a Haagerup type compact approximation property) and a weak rigidity property (there exists \\(B_0 \\subset B\\) subalgebra s.t. \\(B_0^\\prime \\cap N\\subset B\\) and the embedding \\(B_0 \\subset B\\) is a property T -- or rigid -- inclusion, as defined by the author). The central technical result in the paper is that any two HT Cartan subalgebras in a type II\\(_1\\) factor \\(M\\in {\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\) are conjugated by a unitary in \\(M\\). In conjunction with the Feldman-Moore correspondence between embeddings \\(A\\simeq L^\\infty (X,\\mu)\\subset M\\) of Cartan subalgebras and pairs of countable ergodic measure-preserving equivalence relations on the probability space \\((X,\\mu)\\) and \\({\\mathcal U}(L^\\infty (X,\\mu))\\)-valued \\(2\\)-cocycles, this shows that there is a unique such equivalence relation \\({\\mathcal R}_M^{\\text{ HT}}\\) corresponding to \\(M\\). Therefore invariants of \\({\\mathcal R}_M^{\\text{ HT}}\\) are also invariants of \\(M\\). In particular the Betti numbers \\(\\beta_n^{\\text{ HT}}(M):=\\beta_n ({\\mathcal R}_M^{\\text{ HT}})\\) are invariants of \\(M\\in {\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\). These invariants are well behaved with respect to amplifications and tensor products, operations under which the class \\({\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\) is shown to be closed, and satisfy \\(\\beta_n^{\\text{ HT}} (M^t)=\\beta_n^{\\text{ HT}}(M)/t\\), \\(n\\geq 0\\), \\(t>0\\), and a K\u00fcnneth type formula for the tensor product. As a result the following important corollary is obtained:   Theorem. \\textsl{If \\(M\\in {\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\) has at least one nonzero finite Betti number, then \\({\\mathcal F}(M)=\\{ 1\\}\\). In fact \\(M^{t_1} \\otimes \\cdots \\otimes M^{t_n} \\cong M^{s_1} \\otimes \\cdots \\otimes M^{s_m}\\) if and only if \\(n=m\\) and \\(t_1\\cdots t_n=s_1 \\cdots s_m\\). Equivalently, \\(\\{ M^{\\otimes m}\\}_{m\\geq 1}\\) are stably nonisomorphic and have trivial fundamental group.}   When \\(M=A\\times_\\sigma \\Gamma_0\\) with \\(A\\) an HT Cartan subalgebra and \\(\\sigma\\) an ergodic free action of a discrete countable group \\(\\Gamma_0\\) on \\(A\\), one has \\(\\beta_n^{\\text{ HT}}(M)=\\beta_n (\\Gamma_0)\\), the \\(n\\)th \\(\\ell^2\\)-Betti number of \\(\\Gamma_0\\) defined by \\textit{J. Cheeger} and \\textit{M. Gromov} [Topology 25, 189--215 (1986; Zbl 0597.57020)] and computed in many important cases (see also [\\textit{A. Borel}, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., 10, 95--105 (1985; Zbl 0586.57022)]), including \\(\\Gamma_0=SL_2({\\mathbb Z})\\) where \\(\\beta_1=1/12\\) and \\(\\beta_k=0\\), \\(k\\neq 1\\). Since \\(M_0={\\mathcal L}(\\mathbb Z^2 \\rtimes SL_2(\\mathbb Z))\\in {\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\), one has \\({\\mathcal F} (M_0)=\\{ 1\\}\\). In this vein another application is that two factors \\(M_\\alpha=L_\\alpha ({\\mathbb Z}^2)\\rtimes SL_2({\\mathbb Z})\\) and \\(M_{\\alpha^\\prime}\\), with \\(SL_2({\\mathbb Z})\\) acting naturally on the rotation von Neumann algebra \\(L_\\alpha ({\\mathbb Z}^2)\\) and \\(\\alpha\\) (resp., \\(\\alpha^\\prime\\)) a primitive root of unity of order \\(n\\) (resp., \\(n^\\prime\\)), are isomorphic if and only if \\(n=n^\\prime\\). Many other examples related to free groups and arithmetic lattices in \\(SU(n,1)\\) and \\(SO(m,1)\\) are discussed. The class \\({\\mathcal H}{\\mathcal T}\\) is also investigated in the framework of subfactors. It is proved to be closed under extensions and restrictions of finite Jones index and to have a highly rigid structure of the lattice of finite index subfactors. The paper concludes with some interesting thoughts on a problem raised in 2001 by Alain Connes concerning the possibility of constructing \\(\\ell^2\\)-Betti number invariants for type II\\(_1\\) factors through simplicial complexes and \\(\\ell^2\\)-homology/cohomology for factors.  A direct proof of the equality \\({\\mathcal F}({\\mathcal L} ({\\mathbb Z}^2 \\rtimes SL_2({\\mathbb Z}))=\\{ 1\\}\\) has appeared in [\\textit{S. Popa}, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, No.3, 723--726 (2004; Zbl 1064.46048)]. In recent work [Invent. Math. 165, 369--408 (2006; Zbl 1120.46043)] the author has proved the remarkable result that any countable subgroup of \\({\\mathbb R}_+^*\\) can be realized as the fundamental group of a separable type II\\(_1\\) 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