{"entities":{"Q2505533":{"pageid":2516276,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2505533","lastrevid":73272717,"modified":"2026-04-14T15:13:55Z","type":"item","id":"Q2505533","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Directional duality theory directional duality theory"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5057622"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$D98429B9-6A8B-40A6-A48E-C64999DA91C9","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"13825dcceed34308c5aea1295894a0dc021da43d","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Directional duality theory directional duality theory","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$1A962B44-E483-42D2-9C4F-53B0E3E2D7F8","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"1055a3b0445f5df636dc32da2924d58ae6aa62e1","datavalue":{"value":"1102.91070","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$6C4C0F50-1C8B-4846-94F4-8ECA9E2B14A1","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"68435df4f65f7fe942d749c1dbd9b2ddb4a4f326","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":356631,"id":"Q356631"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$D52005BD-E349-4B0F-A9FB-EF039E1E403F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"ea1b964f3efe27228f45e84990e15c9b251a2fbe","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1165126,"id":"Q1165126"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$9147DCD3-C182-4FFD-A157-030A66A84677","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"68143f6d277bb02adbea2879eaeff1303cbecc35","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":166318,"id":"Q166318"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$2B55CCC3-1EA4-4CB0-9A29-34D9E2926A13","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"ccd86ecf7563568912c7bb562f2260d303b8fe16","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2006-09-26T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$521A9BEC-61B4-4472-A886-EF314D758CDC","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"e8fc1d6fb31c16832c38ecd4e572094d48c4d2d4","datavalue":{"value":"In [Can. J. Math. 5, 364--383 (1953; Zbl 0052.16403)] \\textit{G. C. Shephard} introduced radial distance functions as representations of a firm's technology. \\textit{R. G. Chambers}, \\textit{Y. Chung} and \\textit{R. F\u00e4re} [J. Econ. Theory 70, No. 2, 407--419 (1996; Zbl 0866.90027) and \\textit{R. G. Chambers}, \\textit{R. F\u00e4re}, \\textit{E. Jaenicke} and \\textit{E. Lichtenberg} [J. Econom. 85, No. 1, 189--203 (1998; Zbl 1041.62520)] introduced directional distance functions, these can be thought of as additive alternatives to the corresponding radial concepts. In this paper, the radial approach is further extended by introducing and characterizing indirect directional distance functions; these are directional versions of their radial counterparts. This, in turn, leads to a new set of duality results that will be of use in applied work.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$8C3214F9-4997-4886-A187-CCF525E73B38","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"3c41ac41d6e70ec19c64bdeedb4a0e69dd9ac054","datavalue":{"value":"91B38","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$ED675A5A-3536-4507-8207-45CE8D3DC619","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"15f4e876d21d5111ed972346cf4b55d9dc89f6a2","datavalue":{"value":"90C46","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$CA4512C2-1D1F-4048-9B9F-5F7ED96DA116","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"fa42eab3788a989608beb34e47abefe3ff840844","datavalue":{"value":"5057622","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$CB3B7949-5B42-45B6-8088-7D6D7FA3D792","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"77724ef0534e70d4ea97dee7a009052bdf3f80af","datavalue":{"value":"production theory","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$F86D818F-6533-4BFD-A1F4-718849F0E400","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ef9c14e173cc76358fce0066de8124e3f906abfd","datavalue":{"value":"duality theory","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$19CD9393-2DA4-426B-B40C-B043AFEE093B","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"719146a402ca80997f2eccf4ffee1d82b3dec9e6","datavalue":{"value":"directional distance function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$6F80F9D8-C160-4FF2-BD14-93F1C49A29F3","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"211749c1d227f6a0ecb5a275daf45f962359411c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":272381,"id":"Q272381"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$75C61B2B-944D-410D-907B-069185C0895B","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$7D8A57AD-913E-4EA8-B97C-8BD026AD699E","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"7486e3bedf3dd223f3df3aaeee1d72add89305cc","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-005-0008-z","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$051FD721-1B81-4C1F-9BB9-68AB2E3AC3DB","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"d9f768e36ffbe6cfaef8a5d17cb773b6ebafd6c4","datavalue":{"value":"W2112709938","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$7111E4FF-9C00-4C1E-9E79-C00FCC365C21","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2da6a8da8c650be9c39739aaa07bda4c01d8f04b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2365335,"id":"Q2365335"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$79D00375-2210-4D37-BDE1-B63EE02010B1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"c8207826f3b866d85fcae8330191482629484293","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1265060,"id":"Q1265060"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$269F5560-D5BA-4961-80E3-70AD8EE7C383","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"1db55fb0c56c09e24fb8415b0df0cd2a85850c26","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1389241,"id":"Q1389241"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$7E26E933-39A6-48A2-B87C-26FAD275F33A","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"32dbf026ee9638a56ac27bc9463e677da9a0672a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1321255,"id":"Q1321255"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$64EF02AF-788B-474A-B81C-7DF5F517B1E6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"9dfba1772f698ac8bb26bb86244bdceccd14726c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5823944,"id":"Q5823944"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$925BFEA6-E754-4028-AFED-E854E87D5D14","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"602bd7389a86b70ca52a6d183f2a7242869306da","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5656575,"id":"Q5656575"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$C3441EA4-C118-4312-8CAF-4584F50314DF","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"a15323113cabbc7a13d3425fb14353718e1d284b","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S00199-005-0008-Z","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2505533$57D9F744-0CBD-4B49-ADB1-F37E2888BEB4","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"02b37ee5e23732f8e87103644a9aceb4b8bab9a4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":992572,"id":"Q992572"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"23264311b2121fa6e3ee0447939c4c6c966a7ac6","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7462910413742065","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2505533$020D26F5-B85E-453D-88D7-5C8666A1F738","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"4b2adb8ba52dbf5f297be0ff613617c66d1cde7d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":479242,"id":"Q479242"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"054d639b70ab32416cfae6876c6889cf58622895","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7333698272705078","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2505533$783AF758-150C-4B5D-9A90-63574855E83C","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"a2fa218882a227159c7f67cb2e9ebf344c95f326","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2243530,"id":"Q2243530"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ebf2d01fd11f778d7e7b52ba88a3c2b9c647f436","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7201275825500488","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2505533$B930256B-26A4-4C2C-97EF-C4D8260C5E18","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"d121e89fc9b5b31d2a4d77a1d7e8c2f97705c604","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1122463,"id":"Q1122463"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"2d4465405166ab377e7589348308925ddff7104a","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7110326290130615","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2505533$349843D5-5403-453B-AA2A-F23BB07B85C1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e462e2457dc47193329ee0de518ab184352b03fb","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1265060,"id":"Q1265060"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"bfaebed37c84340635a7e19d4b244508a3f2ffc1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7088431715965271","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2505533$00215352-6938-4412-B311-A44B3A5EF09F","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Directional duality theory directional duality theory","badges":[]}}}}}