{"entities":{"Q2510981":{"pageid":2521724,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2510981","lastrevid":52055960,"modified":"2026-01-20T20:36:34Z","type":"item","id":"Q2510981","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Tubes about functions and multifunctions"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 6324855"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$C5632481-F591-4330-BEA7-99598098677A","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"5be2ba990d4048ac9a1cfa77f11aac954ff0ff49","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Tubes about functions and multifunctions","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$13FA7042-70DE-4D6A-935C-7D0DF41FF164","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"3fe196bdf964c97bf6c0fa8f7e8c32d00fb56f12","datavalue":{"value":"1301.54034","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$3A3AD130-89B1-44B7-9544-7632943EC4ED","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"a9fb8b600b0be7b5205cd14aad25a5376aa55062","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2257558,"id":"Q2257558"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$CC132FEB-C83C-41DA-BC78-ECB526AF7146","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"1ae67a60a3dc768c2197ff2e7267f978cad3c0e4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1226303,"id":"Q1226303"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$17D3EF1A-5579-422E-8855-4ACF21A23699","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"cc44a233e5e8bd544c3e30852775af330b8fff3a","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":178039,"id":"Q178039"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$DD90161A-46E3-4640-A121-1CCA0F2EF8E9","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"24c1e72acbb2d9e14da801927d45260926af7f00","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2014-08-05T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$3D8F9983-D9E0-4FD8-9812-8D8236745B25","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"8e1f5cbfa5cd4a1390772ad338e8e0b30c3f8802","datavalue":{"value":"https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.rae/1404230138","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$58725CCB-D5C8-4B76-BB03-9779C2CBC21E","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"de2bc8d0f687f5269886345e101ebddf054d0345","datavalue":{"value":"Let \\(X\\) be a topological space and \\(\\langle Y,d \\rangle\\) a metric space. For \\(\\varepsilon >0\\) and a multifunction \\(\\Gamma\\) from \\(X\\) to \\(Y\\), the metric tube of radius \\(\\varepsilon\\) is defined as the set \\(\\{(x,y) \\in X \\times Y : d(y,\\Gamma (x))< \\varepsilon \\}\\), which is the graph \\(\\text{Gr}(\\Gamma_\\varepsilon)\\) of the enlargement multifunction \\(\\Gamma_\\varepsilon\\) from \\(X\\) to \\(Y\\) defined by \\(\\Gamma_\\varepsilon (x) =\\{y \\in Y : d(y , \\Gamma (x)) <\\varepsilon \\}\\), \\(x \\in X\\). In this paper, the authors give characterizations of lower semicontinuity of multifunctions in terms of tubes and enlargement multifunctions. By applying the characterizations, they give a variant of the open mapping theorem and another proof of the Berge maximum theorem. A characterization of upper semicontinuity of multifunctions by means of the ``anti-tube'' \\(\\{(x,y) \\in X\\times Y : d(y, \\Gamma (x)) > \\varepsilon \\}\\) is also given.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$4E54B6BD-D28B-44CE-BEAB-23A54EAA28EE","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"78541ca3752c550ada4b6d0f947bbeebdda5cdb8","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":409596,"id":"Q409596"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$F0B1D591-4EF3-4EDE-8033-88C1E88ED054","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"1ddfb12deda3f6c88e3bb7a40285845e5786fa13","datavalue":{"value":"54C60","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$EFD1FE65-7EF0-4877-A80A-AC3BEDF37520","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"b6173ea36b107088bd504219ebdce25253aa39d7","datavalue":{"value":"54C05","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$06544F0C-AEAE-43AF-885E-8FF88C79D86F","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"9934057d10323980704e6b94db4ebac54a6fd5ff","datavalue":{"value":"54E35","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$3CA3BC3B-B15B-433D-A6C6-0DB7BA25043E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"3b86719bcf3694b334eeb622b164c3fe57a12f14","datavalue":{"value":"46A30","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$D94979E1-ABFF-4B98-BC78-105666151625","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"04010744b72a68755958589d404e49a9d504e950","datavalue":{"value":"6324855","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$7F032286-E184-45BE-B3ED-40AA4D53F9AB","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"a16ece50965d8afd7eb8e3cd2d0d390b9ae99f05","datavalue":{"value":"tube","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$046BFE9D-463F-461B-B602-B803A1A701F1","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"394231e2c3dd33993fee799620294f292d672615","datavalue":{"value":"semicontinuous multifunction","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$98ECF0EE-E077-4942-A569-0631F010E676","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"4f2bf86e9b849b338062774ad50b20f04c0b044a","datavalue":{"value":"semicontinuous function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$32A482A7-E199-4B5F-8A1D-A3AE1ECA81B5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"cdf835a3110a8b02fe3c7aa029b1674fa67c2560","datavalue":{"value":"continuous function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$37118E49-89B4-402F-94AF-28E9F82C9D09","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"bcb31dd9d2be0084e4876dbea3300ba1e1310a23","datavalue":{"value":"uniform convergence","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$A81615DC-9277-4CBE-8F49-287A4E3D28BD","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"77b3c55a17322575201ef2175eebf54aaed28274","datavalue":{"value":"open mapping","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$DFB49954-13DF-4433-8E52-39B78BF8AD41","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b74fd56b1f90eb8722401d45409026739f1a73e0","datavalue":{"value":"open mapping theorem","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$A1F05E9E-4092-438F-A9CD-03BA33E3357A","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$4A0284FA-94C9-4A8E-90CC-F0E4EB9198EE","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"e3396c382c9bfe2fd97fe4491c6ebfb47046414a","datavalue":{"value":"W1578818560","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$51BA9441-6D92-46F1-9813-AEBD64C30CA1","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"3150e09ddc0f9a555110a4af25e33a69bea35228","datavalue":{"value":"10.14321/REALANALEXCH.39.1.0033","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2510981$F0DB52FC-ADE6-4DC9-90A1-FE409A2620CF","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"e5f239d1ef1333b160fd745800a81482da8af418","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3148620,"id":"Q3148620"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d320f1fdcb9f83b89ead75976873bec4e0b57bad","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7719797492027283","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2510981$9A6068A3-D0E5-4C0E-A82A-DFDAA03277E4","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b9f71d8de1826ba009ea740cedd8f79b1cbc6824","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1174184,"id":"Q1174184"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"d320f1fdcb9f83b89ead75976873bec4e0b57bad","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7719797492027283","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2510981$DA85B551-4DE6-4EE6-A26F-29979FBAEF2E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5cace8ba1255193cd83867e9d80735c9009ee180","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5705699,"id":"Q5705699"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"ce855c3707b9b48fbbdd04065f0eecf50c3b9884","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7413661479949951","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2510981$AC3FBA39-D357-4B3B-87F1-0261CC3E7CB6","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"bc6c04c4f1f5bd9ef1f5b54a55bceea43cd80bb9","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2570000,"id":"Q2570000"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"b5d55197b6b264f3c94991e652970426a0fd58e1","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7407056093215942","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2510981$8F3744C0-237E-44A3-B1DD-7635562703E9","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"de080794f0f3d4810f99345826204707549b789e","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3753096,"id":"Q3753096"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"5c431704e878b4ebf2f0a4785ee2ed2fa7c93881","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.7346245050430298","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2510981$4A60D2AC-36AE-4CAF-B5A3-8CAFC787E9B2","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2510981","badges":[],"url":"https://portal.mardi4nfdi.de/wiki/Publication:2510981"}}}}}