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C'est l'illustre math\u00e9maticien russe Ju. V. Linnik qui, sous le nom de m\u00e9thode de dispersion, a fait des m\u00e9thodes probabilistes un puissant instrument d'investigation dans la th\u00e9orie des nombres. Des m\u00e9thodes probabilistes permettent de r\u00e9soudre de nombreux probl\u00e8mes qu'on ne sait pas traiter par d'autres m\u00e9thodes et qui cependant, \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue, n'ont rien \u00e0 voir avec le hasard. Les A. donnent d'int\u00e9ressantes applications des m\u00e9thodes probabilistes \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie des groupes ab\u00e9liens finis. Soit \\(G_n\\) un groupe ab\u00e9lien additif d'ordre \\(n\\) et soient \\(a,b,c,\\ldots\\) les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de ce groupe. On pose \\(1 \\cdot a=a\\) et \\(0 \\cdot a=0\\) (\u00e9l\u00e9ment neutre de \\(G_n\\)), quel que soit l'\u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00e0 de \\(G_n\\). Soient \\(a_1, \\ldots ,a_k\\) \\(k\\) \u00e9l\u00e9ments de \\(G_n\\) choisis au hasard ind\u00e9pendamment les uns des autres, la probabilit\u00e9 de choisir \\(a_i\\) \u00e9tant \\(1/n\\), quel que soit \\(i\\). Soit \\(V_k(b)\\) le nombre de repr\u00e9sentations d'un \u00e9l\u00e9ment \\(b\\) de \\(G_n\\), de la forme \\(b= \\epsilon_1a_1+ \\epsilon_2a_2+ \\ldots + \\epsilon_ka_k\\), o\u00f9 chacun des nombres \\(\\epsilon_i\\) peut prendre l'une des valeurs 0 ou 1. Pur tout \\(b \\in G_n\\), \\(V_k(b)\\) est une variable al\u00e9atoire (v.a.). Si \\(a_1, \\ldots ,a_k\\) sont fixes, on a \\(\\sum_{b \\in G_n} V_k(b)=2^k\\) et \\(\\left\\{{V_k(b) \\over 2^k} \\right\\}\\) est une loi de probabilit\u00e9s. Conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l'usage, les A. d\u00e9signent par la symbole \\(P(\\ldots)\\) la probilit\u00e9 de l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement indiqu\u00e9 entre parenth\u00e8ses et par \\(E(\\ldots)\\) la valeur moyenne de la v.a. indiqu\u00e9e entre parenth\u00e8ses. Cela pos\u00e9, les A. demontrent les deux th\u00e9or\u00e8mes suivants: 1. Si \\(k \\geq {2 \\log n+2 \\log 1/ \\epsilon + \\log 1/\\delta \\over \\log 2}\\) o\u00f9 \\(\\epsilon >0\\) et \\(\\delta >0\\) sont des nombres positifs aussi petits que l'on veut, alors \\(P \\left(\\text{Max}_{b \\in G_n} |V_k(b)-{2^k \\over n}| \\leq \\epsilon {2^k \\over n} \\right) >1- \\delta\\). 2. 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