{"entities":{"Q2574042":{"pageid":2584785,"ns":120,"title":"Item:Q2574042","lastrevid":48595483,"modified":"2026-01-05T08:13:58Z","type":"item","id":"Q2574042","labels":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"Some mean values related to average multiplicative orders of elements in finite fields"}},"descriptions":{"en":{"language":"en","value":"scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2229848"}},"aliases":{},"claims":{"P31":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P31","hash":"fd5912e4dab4b881a8eb0eb27e7893fef55176ad","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":56887,"id":"Q56887"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$E6152272-C1B4-4810-A9A1-4E2719D33769","rank":"normal"}],"P159":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P159","hash":"a6c9733b7c09eb25dbc94cd57ecb890d1ad4dcb9","datavalue":{"value":{"text":"Some mean values related to average multiplicative orders of elements in finite fields","language":"en"},"type":"monolingualtext"},"datatype":"monolingualtext"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$7B59D949-18D4-4F1A-9222-05B2BAC5ACDB","rank":"normal"}],"P225":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P225","hash":"e3d9e814cae1f344384ac199bbaf5716a39ec592","datavalue":{"value":"1155.11344","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$EE8A0604-9A60-4738-B7B1-90FAC25FDD1D","rank":"normal"}],"P16":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P16","hash":"e5a736319355d31e13239bc37a3f0fcf5a6f069f","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":168881,"id":"Q168881"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$AF8A6A9B-9EFB-4C7F-9F7E-D9BE5C0A1878","rank":"normal"}],"P200":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P200","hash":"08c25da5813a64bb58b545e5a473febdb94089f7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":175895,"id":"Q175895"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$0840E86D-A013-4238-9C4B-7AF17C02C276","rank":"normal"}],"P28":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P28","hash":"604ac15fe66cc0ee2072b51f117cb6cc8eae904e","datavalue":{"value":{"time":"+2005-11-16T00:00:00Z","timezone":0,"before":0,"after":0,"precision":11,"calendarmodel":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727"},"type":"time"},"datatype":"time"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$872D9835-2ED7-498F-B7B4-88EA7F27E97E","rank":"normal"}],"P1448":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1448","hash":"d7a8f892b678fcdee6cae90b649b7ba6fddc88fe","datavalue":{"value":"For any positive integer \\(n\\) let \\(\\alpha(n)\\) denote the average order of elements in the cyclic group \\(\\mathbb Z_n\\). In this note, we investigate the functions \\(\\alpha(n)/n\\) and \\(\\alpha(n)/ \\varphi(n)\\) when \\(n\\) ranges through numbers of the form \\(p-1\\) with \\(p\\) prime, and when \\(n\\) ranges through numbers of the form \\(2^m-1\\) with \\(m\\) a positive integer. In particular, we show that such functions have limiting distributions, and we compute their average values, and their minimal and maximal orders. The following theorems are proved:  Theorem 1. For any constant \\(A > 0\\) the following estimates are valid:  \\[ \\frac 1{\\pi(x)}\\sum_{1<p<x}\\frac{\\alpha(p-1)}{p-1} =\\prod_{p\\geq 2}\\biggl(1-\\frac{p}{p^3-1}\\biggr)+O\\biggl(\\frac 1{\\log^A x}\\biggr),  \\]   and  \\[ \\frac 1{\\pi(x)}\\sum_{1<p<x}\\frac{\\beta(p-1)}{p-1} =\\prod_{p\\geq 2}\\biggl(1-\\frac{p+1}{(p-1)(p^3-1)}\\biggr)+O\\biggl(\\frac 1{\\log^A x}\\biggr).  \\]   Theorem 2. The following estimates are valid:  \\[ \\frac 1x \\sum_{1\\leq n<x}\\frac{\\alpha(2^n-1)}{2^n-1} = \\sum_{n\\geq 1, n\\;\\text{odd}}\\frac{\\gamma(n)}{t(n)} + O\\biggl(\\frac {\\log x}x\\biggr),  \\]  and  \\[ \\frac 1x \\sum_{1\\leq n<x}\\frac{\\beta(2^n-1)}{2^n-1} = \\sum_{n\\geq 1, n\\;\\text{odd}}\\frac{\\delta(n)}{t(n)} + O\\biggl(\\frac {\\log x}x\\biggr).  \\]   Here for any odd positive integer \\(k\\), \\(t(k)\\) denotes the rank of apparition of \\(k\\) in the sequence of general term \\(2n-1\\), that is, \\(t(k)\\) is the smallest positive integer \\(n\\) such that \\(2n-1\\) is a multiple of \\(k\\).  And finally, the result concerning limiting distributions for the above functions: For a positive integer \\(k > 1\\) write \\(\\zeta(k)\\) for the Riemann zeta-function evaluated in \\(k\\).  Theorem 3. Let \\(Z := \\zeta(2)\\zeta(3)/\\zeta(6).\\)  1. Both functions \\(\\alpha(p-1)/p-1\\) and \\(\\beta(p-1)\\) have continuous limiting distributions in the intervals \\([0, 1]\\) and \\([1, Z]\\), respectively.  2. Both functions \\(\\alpha(2n-1)/(2n-1)\\) and \\(\\beta(2n-1)\\) have continuous limiting distributions in \\([0, 1]\\) and \\([1, Z]\\), respectively.  Finally some generalizations (replacing the cyclic group \\(\\mathbb Z_n\\) by any finite abelian group) are mentioned.","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$81602B67-5C00-45FB-9F95-CA383E845FF6","rank":"normal"}],"P1447":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1447","hash":"3629f9b58c1c86062c61ff85f3263e580bc52bf7","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":586708,"id":"Q586708"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$8778C995-2AB6-45B2-A43B-C609529564BD","rank":"normal"}],"P226":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"5f4cb66dd7075cdf4c708090882d01ae8a24d91c","datavalue":{"value":"11N45","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$53BE396E-5450-4A8C-83AC-CAE49AFB5D68","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P226","hash":"4b85c221f9847adc30512692a640a50dd4e3d1cb","datavalue":{"value":"05A16","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$E9EF0950-0325-422D-98E0-A468EEB26552","rank":"normal"}],"P1451":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1451","hash":"e372d053f417a2ab0cb247dba2bfb56420c1453e","datavalue":{"value":"2229848","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$3F26F626-989B-4682-B05B-C05B67DAC616","rank":"normal"}],"P1450":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"8de70182dcf8a8a6d684302dd0c4ea41bc5bc13d","datavalue":{"value":"average order","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$16A19D85-06FD-4DC8-B179-1499D1C542D0","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"f71b8003dacbb1b56f151fa571d0576ceb298f22","datavalue":{"value":"enumeration problems","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$9C29771A-16D8-48DD-80A7-1D371242FFC2","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"6c05a3c94333e90e01b94afe67432c38cb19dd7a","datavalue":{"value":"cyclic groups","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$671E5079-1AAD-4A1B-A4FF-9E9E287216C5","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"ac07c7d6c5cdc2dbc4590f3ecbac0ebb59196bea","datavalue":{"value":"finite fields","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$BB9FA3D4-7EC8-4278-9A7C-285A24C69A43","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"2f0dd244fc60859ee67020eb323fce817c7ed66a","datavalue":{"value":"asymptotic estimates","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$61B0DE8C-C3C5-44E7-AE90-E86CD9D63DE8","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1450","hash":"b6f06b1ec710119b1dff50aa7febd3418775198e","datavalue":{"value":"Euler's phi function","type":"string"},"datatype":"string"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$22B2B5B3-CC18-43E2-9D82-AE6941DB0407","rank":"normal"}],"P1460":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1460","hash":"57f7fea50d2ce1b39b695c4a1313582eed405e38","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5976449,"id":"Q5976449"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$623F5B11-D8E6-4FF2-99C8-4929E58E0F6E","rank":"normal"}],"P205":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P205","hash":"a4794a9ac340fe37ad1830f9967ea2fbd6098d8a","datavalue":{"value":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11139-005-0823-7","type":"string"},"datatype":"url"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$D988CE8F-0C51-4C80-8AAD-1DE011B441F5","rank":"normal"}],"P388":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P388","hash":"82e159898cdb03143dca876ea749d4b5d3b708a9","datavalue":{"value":"W1994748616","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$75C15EF9-53FE-4030-9C8B-CDC73C6B1A5D","rank":"normal"}],"P223":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"2242d34da38f60c3f880852c55579570858f62d5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3867877,"id":"Q3867877"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$EA12CDE1-22E4-4674-A35C-FEC57F288406","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"156bd4081d244a74426e3b661a217cb9f193905b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1265262,"id":"Q1265262"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$1F307072-01AE-4020-8944-7B8458EA6E8E","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"acd2bcd2ab5267191880e11a602378d4d4ed8ed5","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":5552813,"id":"Q5552813"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$2A733E38-39DA-4552-A3B9-DAB7BA3E3180","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"38bce2263e20af421bd6abfb2e934cca641b014c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4484464,"id":"Q4484464"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$7F64060A-8E5F-4D64-A896-517B05C62091","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"b573d4cdbde4e56c7ad3712dfc0fd31b67412861","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":3123961,"id":"Q3123961"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$EF118F34-2C25-466A-94CD-2BC39F803E98","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P223","hash":"da3ecf99a058dafaa0a3bd7a4c1ac26b538379c2","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":558183,"id":"Q558183"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$ACFA08FD-EF2A-49EF-93C1-9C9FA76A8040","rank":"normal"}],"P27":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P27","hash":"a4b7f52b2969f3502363b23063bf10a90a7a8b13","datavalue":{"value":"10.1007/S11139-005-0823-7","type":"string"},"datatype":"external-id"},"type":"statement","id":"Q2574042$70FB4D7B-5741-4F3C-8C07-80204BBB3B97","rank":"normal"}],"P1643":[{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"5c8bb5a9f1c17f2a574313e46a50088186974343","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":558183,"id":"Q558183"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9682c2feacae22b0ab2978ca8a0589e3bc6867fc","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8765569925308228","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2574042$44D83714-2BC1-4FC1-86C8-568D68C5FEDB","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"b207c6dd8e6b0f3ab59480051595691f7856675b","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":4484464,"id":"Q4484464"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"dda9ffd89b57efe339af00868deadb6670234821","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8740829825401306","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2574042$04153F0D-2072-4630-A44B-87C5D443DF35","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"ca7c3e09f000dbf0f56ac733e54db7eadfcb53b4","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":1950938,"id":"Q1950938"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"9bddff0c823e788b6ac0b4feebae443717f32469","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8272917866706848","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2574042$074C9438-5A2C-40E5-8C8D-F33452A10177","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"51611e51971b6485475e0a2e026ad7b36d23b17c","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":2009156,"id":"Q2009156"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"f5af00de505581b1cd0c68f8fed6e77f42eb8b36","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8213844895362854","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2574042$EB9DA7E6-7255-47A8-A0FD-3593B5000A91","rank":"normal"},{"mainsnak":{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1643","hash":"f94509b3786f32ad24358fcd589a11dd7f5fd76d","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":365900,"id":"Q365900"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"},"type":"statement","qualifiers":{"P1659":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1659","hash":"51ef2e9641bb133edf558a9d306d6cdf47482e69","datavalue":{"value":{"amount":"+0.8144330978393555","unit":"1"},"type":"quantity"},"datatype":"quantity"}],"P1660":[{"snaktype":"value","property":"P1660","hash":"a327a09ea0305e98d5cf33bd4036320e19f2aed0","datavalue":{"value":{"entity-type":"item","numeric-id":6821328,"id":"Q6821328"},"type":"wikibase-entityid"},"datatype":"wikibase-item"}]},"qualifiers-order":["P1659","P1660"],"id":"Q2574042$E29505E5-43F8-4891-B453-35525F2F663C","rank":"normal"}]},"sitelinks":{"mardi":{"site":"mardi","title":"Publication:2574042","badges":[]}}}}}