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There is an induced action of \\(G\\) by algebra automorphisms on \\(k[V]\\), the symmetric algebra on the dual of \\(V\\). The ring of invariants is the subring of \\(k[V]\\) consisting of the polynomials fixed by \\(G\\), i.e., \\(k[V]^G:=\\{f\\in k[V]\\mid g(f)=f\\}\\). If \\(| G| \\) is a unit in \\(k\\), the Reynolds operator,  \\[ \\pi(f):=| G| ^{-1}\\sum_{g\\in G}g(f), \\]  gives a splitting of \\(k[V]^G\\) off of \\(k[V]\\). In this case, \\(k[V]=k[V]^G\\oplus \\text{ kernel}(\\pi)\\) as both a \\(k[V]^G\\)-module and a \\(kG\\)-module. In the modular case, when \\(p\\) divides \\(| G| \\), the Reynolds operator is not defined and \\(k[V]^G\\) may fail to be a direct summand of \\(k[V]\\) either as a \\(k[V]^G\\)-module or a \\(kG\\)-module.   This paper gives a characterisation, in terms of the Dedekind different of the integral extension \\(k[V]^G\\subseteq k[V]\\), of the modular representations for which \\(k[V]^G\\) is a graded direct \\(k[V]^G\\)-summand of \\(k[V]\\). For \\(G\\) a \\(p\\)-group, this characterisation implies that \\(k[V]^G\\) is a graded direct \\(k[V]^G\\)-summand of \\(k[V]\\) if and only if the image of the transfer, \\(\\{\\sum_{g\\in G}g(f)\\mid f \\in k[V]\\}\\), is a principal ideal in \\(k[V]^G\\). If \\(k[V]^G\\) is a polynomial ring, i.e., the ring of invariants has an algebraically independent generating set, then it is easy to show that \\(k[V]^G\\) is a graded direct \\(k[V]^G\\)-summand of \\(k[V]\\). \\textit{R. J. Shank} and \\textit{D. L. Wehlau} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 142, No. 1, 63--77 (1999; Zbl 0942.13008)] conjectured that for \\(G\\) a \\(p\\)-group, \\(k[V]^G\\) is a polynomial ring if and only if the image of the transfer is principal. The results of this paper give ``polynomial \\(\\Rightarrow\\) principal''. The author's Conjecture 1, \\(k[V]^G\\) is polynomial if \\(G\\) is generated by reflections and \\(k[V]^G\\) is a direct \\(k[V]^G\\)-summand of \\(k[V]\\), would give the other direction.   Many of the results are formulated in a more general setting and then applied to modular invariant theory. There is a section on semi-invariants using a ``twisted'' Dedekind different and a section on duality and the canonical module. The author also shows that if \\(k[V]^G\\) is a direct graded \\(k[V]^G\\)-summand of \\(k[V]\\) then \\(k[V]^G\\) is generated by homogeneous polynomials of degree at most \\(| G| \\), i.e., the Noether bound holds whenever \\(k[V]^G\\) is a direct summand of 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