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A recurring theme of the paper is that there is a trade-off between the density (or average degree) of the graph and the complexity question: crudely, sparse graphs (whose number of edges is linear in their number of vertices) have exponential bounds on the size of resolution refutations, whereas if the graph has \\(O(n^{3/2-1/k-\\varepsilon})\\) edges, the lower bounds on the size of resolution refutations are subexponential, of the form \\(2^{n^{\\delta}}\\) for some \\(\\delta>0\\).   In somewhat more detail, if a graph \\(G=(V,E)\\) has \\(n\\) vertices and \\(k\\) is a number of colours, the authors write down a formula \\(\\chi(G,k)\\) with \\(kn\\) variables comprising \\(n\\) positive clauses of width \\(k\\) and \\({k\\choose 2}n+k| E|\\) negative clauses of width 2. \\(\\chi(G,k)\\) is satisfiable if and only if \\(G\\) is properly \\(k\\)-colourable. The random graphs considered are from the model \\(G(n,m)\\) with labelled vertices \\(\\{1,2\\ldots n\\}\\) and \\(m\\) edges, all such graphs being equally likely, (though for technical reasons the dirty work is done with the \\(m\\) edges chosen with replacement, and duplicates being merged: the practical differences are minimal). The results are worded in terms of \\(\\Delta(n)=m/n\\).   A resolution derivation of a clause \\(C\\) from some set of clauses is a sequence \\(\\pi=C_{0},\\ldots C_{m}=C\\) of clauses, each \\(C_{i}\\) either being in \\(\\pi\\) or derived from two clauses \\(C_{j}\\) and \\(C_{k}\\) with \\(j\\) and \\(k\\) less than \\(i\\) by the \\` resolution rule\\', which allows one to derive the clause \\(C\\cup D\\) from two clauses \\(C\\cup l\\) and \\(D\\cup \\sim l\\) (here \\(\\sim\\) denotes negation). The derivation is of size \\(m\\). A resolution derivation of the empty clause from \\(\\phi\\) is called a refutation of \\(\\phi\\) and there is a refutation of \\(\\phi\\) if and only if \\(\\phi\\) is unsatisfiable. The resolution complexity of \\(\\phi\\), here \\(\\text{ Res}(\\phi)\\), is the size of a shortest refutation of \\(\\phi\\).   The main lower bound result is Theorem 1: For each \\(k\\geq 3\\) and \\(\\varepsilon>0\\) there are positive constants \\(C_{\\varepsilon,k}\\) and \\(C_{\\varepsilon,k}>0\\) such that, if \\(\\Delta\\geq 1\\), then for \\(m\\leq \\Delta n\\),  \\[ \\lim_{n\\rightarrow\\infty}P\\left(G=G(n,m)\\text{ has Res}(\\chi(G,k))\\geq \\exp(C_{\\varepsilon,k}n/\\Delta^{2+4/(k-2)+\\varepsilon})\\right)=1. \\]  The proof uses an interesting link between the fact that such a \\(G\\) is, in a suitable sense, locally sparse: this leads to a lower bound on the length of at least one clause in a resolution refutation of \\(\\chi(G,k)\\), and this means that the refutation must take a long time.   In the other direction, an upper bound on the resolution complexity is obtained by a quite simple idea: indeed any upper bound \\(r'\\) on the number of vertices such that random graphs \\(G(n,m)\\) with \\(m\\leq \\Delta n\\) have, with probability \\(1-o(1)\\), a minimal non-\\(k\\)-colourable graph of size at most \\(r'\\) leads to an algorithm for finding such a subgraph. However with a more sophisticated splitting rule in the search tree, the authors find an algorithm which refutes \\(\\chi(G,k)\\) for \\(k\\geq 3\\) for a random graph \\(G(n,\\Delta n)\\) with probability \\(1-o(1)\\) in time \\(\\exp(b_{k}n/\\Delta^{\\alpha_{k}})\\) for suitable constants \\(a_{k}\\) and \\(b_{k}\\). The basic idea is to show that if a large enough number of 2-variable clauses appear then there is a high probability that an unsatisfiable 2-SAT subformula appears. This is done by showing that the graph has a large connected subgraph which is not 2-colourable.   Earlier work from [\\textit{E. Ben-Sasson} and \\textit{A. Wigderson}, ``Short proofs are narrow -- resolution made simple'', J. ACM 48, 149--169 (2001)] discussed a special class of refutations, called DPLL refutations. The authors use their results to obtain sharper bounds in this proof system, and also in a system considered by \\textit{C. McDiarmid} [Ann. Oper. Res. 1, 183--200 (1984; Zbl 0673.05037)]. The paper closes with some discussion of the algorithms they have used, and several open 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