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At the beginning of this period, number theory was one of his favoured interests. In the centuries before, only Pierre de Fermat and Leonhard Euler were engaged to a lesser extent with questions of arithmetics. The author analyses their influence on Lagrange, particularly the mathematical questions Fermat and Euler posed, and their methods of proof. She also asks which statements were new and different to the research of Fermat and Euler. It was Lagrange's merit that number theory got more and more importance in mathematics.  To show this by a more concrete example the author studies Lagrange's approach to solve the four-square theorem. Lagrange published his proof 1770 in the ``Nouveaux M\u00e9moires de l'Acad\u00e9mie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres'' [\\url{http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/bbaw/bibliothek-digital/digitalequellen/schriften/anzeige/index_html?band=03-nouv/1770&seite:int=200}]. Euler presented several memoires and letters to Lagrange concerning arithmetics. The author outlines the methods used by Lagrange and compares them to the modus operandi of Euler. 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